The Sepid-Rud (Persian: سفیدرود, lit. 'white river', Gilaki: سپیده رود) (also known as Sefid-Rud) is a river, approximately 670 kilometres (416 mi) long, rising in the Alborz mountain range of northwestern Iran and flowing generally northeast to empty into the Caspian Sea at Rasht.
| Sepidrud Sefidrud | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Sefīd-Rūd drainage basin | |
| Native name | Sepid-e-Rud (Gilaki) |
| Location | |
| Country | Iran |
| Provinces | Gilan |
| City | Rasht |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Alborz Mountains |
| Mouth | Caspian Sea |
| Length | 670 km (420 mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Qizil Owzan |
| • right | Shahrood |
Names
editOther names and transcriptions include Sepīd-Rūd, Sefidrud, Sefidrood, Sepidrood, and Sepidrud. Above Manjil, "Long Red River".[1][2]
William Smith equated the river with the Amardus (Ancient Greek: Ἀμάρδος) or Mardus (Μάρδος) river of antiquity.[3][4]
The river is historically famous for its abundant fish, especially the Caspian trout, Salmo trutta caspius.[5]
Geography
editThe Sefid-Rud has cut a water gap through the Alborz mountain range, the Manjil gap,[6] capturing its two headwater tributaries, the Qizil Üzan and Shahrood rivers. It then widens the valley between the Talesh Hills and the main Alborz range. The gap provides a major route between Tehran and Gīlān Province with its Caspian lowlands.[6]
In the wide valley before the Sefid-Rud enters the Caspian Sea, a number of transportation and irrigation canals have been cut; the two biggest are the Khomam and the Now.[7]
Dam and reservoir
editThe Sefid-Rud was dammed in 1962 by the Shahbanu Farah Dam (later renamed Manjil Dam),[8] which created a 1.86 cubic kilometres (0.45 cu mi) reservoir and allowed the irrigation of an additional 2,380 km2 (919 sq mi).[8] The reservoir mediates some flooding and significantly increased rice production in the Sefid Rud delta.[9][10] The hydroelectric component of the dam generates 87,000 kilowatts.[8] The completion of the dam had a negative impact on the river's fisheries, through reduced stream flow (due to diversion), increased water temperature, and decreased food availability, especially for sturgeon but also for the Caspian trout.[11]
History
editThe river was known in antiquity as Mardos (Greek: Μαρδος; Latin: Mardus) and Amardos (Greek: Αμαρδος; Latin: Amardus).[2] In the Hellenistic period, the north side of the Sefid (then Mardus) was occupied by the Cadusii mountain tribe .[12]
David Rohl proposes identification of Sefid-Rud with the Biblical Pishon river.[citation needed]
Gallery
editNotes
edit- ^ Fortescue, L. S. (April 1924) "The Western Elburz and Persian Azerbaijan" The Geographical Journal 63(4): pp. 301-315, p.310
- ^ a b Rawlinson, H. C. (1840) "Notes on a Journey from Tabríz, Through Persian Kurdistán, to the Ruins of Takhti-Soleïmán, and from Thence by Zenján and Ṭárom, to Gílán, in October and November, 1838; With a Memoir on the Site of the Atropatenian Ecbatana" Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 10: pp. 1-64, p. 64
- ^
Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Amardus". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
- ^ Charles Rollin (1860). The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Medes, Persians, Macedonians, the Selucidae in Syria, and Parthians., Volumes 3-4. Cincinnati: J.W. Sewell & Co. p. 30. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
- ^ "Salmo trutta caspius, Kessler, 1870" Caspian Environment Programme[usurped]
- ^ a b Fortescue, L. S. (April 1924) "The Western Elburz and Persian Azerbaijan" The Geographical Journal 63(4): pp. 301-315, p.303
- ^ Rabino, H. L. (November 1913) "A Journey in Mazanderan (From Resht to Sari)" The Geographical Journal 42(5): pp. 435-454, p. 435
- ^ a b c Beaumont, Peter (1974) "Water Resource Development in Iran" The Geographical Journal 140(3): pp. 418-431, p.428
- ^ Gittinger, J. Price (October 1967) "Planning and Agricultural Policy in Iran: Program Effects and Indirect Effects" Economic Development and Cultural Change 16(1): pp. 107-117, p. 110
- ^ Carey, Jane Perry Clark and Carey, Andrew Galbraith (1976) "Iranian Agriculture and Its Development: 1952-1973" International Journal of Middle East Studies 7(3): pp. 359-382, p. 372
- ^ Jackson, Donald C. and Marmulla, Gerd (2001) "The Influence of Dams on River Fisheries: Regional Assessments: 3.2.2 Southern and Central Asia, Kazakhstan, and the Middle East" (accessed 28 November 2008), In Marmulla, Gerd (ed.) (2001) Dams, fish and fisheries: Opportunities, challenges and conflict resolution (FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 419) Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, ISBN 92-5-104694-8, citing Vladykov, Vadim D. (1964) Report to the Government of Iran on the Inland Fisheries Resources of Iran, Especially of the Caspian Sea with Special Reference to Sturgeon (Expanded program of technical assistance, Report No. 1818) Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, OCLC 236127104
- ^ Strabo, xi. 13
External links
edit- "Sefid Rood Watershed" Economic potentials of Kurdistan Province in the fields of Water, Agriculture and Natural Resources Ministry of Interior, Islamic Republic of Iran