Rebel Faction (Cultural Revolution)

During the Cultural Revolution, a Rebel Faction (Chinese: 造反派; pinyin: Zàofǎn pài) referred to a group or a sociopolitical movement that was self-proclaimed "rebellious". Composed of workers and students, they were often the more radical wing of the Red Guards and grew around 1967, but were accompanied by further splits and sectarianism.

Rebel groups of Red Guards marching in Shanghai, 1967

Origins

The rebel students largely continued the Red Guard movement of 1966, but it came more from the radical wing of the Red Guards within the universities.^[1]^: 156 The rebel workers, on the other hand, were inspired by Mao Zedong's "to rebel is justified" and related phrases.^[2]^: 113

Yin Hongbiao points out that the rebels only gradually formed a formal faction after Red August on August 18, 1966.^[3]

Structures

Rebel students

After the Red August in August 1966, radical students who had been criticized for their "bad blood" began to call themselves "rebels".^[1]^: 155^[4] The main targets of the rebels were those in power, the work teams and the Party organs. In principle, the rebels also criticized the "bourgeois reactionary academic authorities," but they were much less active than the conservative faction of Red Guards in this regard.^[3]

Rebel workers

As the Red Guard movement progressed, the working class also became involved in the movement. Compared to the students, the workers had much less propaganda tools, but Mao expressed clear support for the workers in 1968.^[5]

Harder to dismiss than the students, the workers were long hailed as the builders of China by officials, but they also blamed the bureaucracy for its shortcomings during this period.^[2]^{: 117–118}

Development and factionalism

As the Cultural Revolution progressed, they had become an important faction of the Red Guards by early 1967. Mao Zedong and the left wing of the Party (such as the Central Cultural Revolution Group) supported them at that time. However, further divisions occurred within the rebel faction as well. They still recognized the overall situation in China compared to the more leftist and radical "ultra-leftists".^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b Walder, Andrew G. (2009). Fractured rebellion: the Beijing Red Guard movement. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674064133.
^ ^a ^b Andreas, Joel (2019). Disenfranchised: the rise and fall of industrial citizenship in China. New York: Oxford University press. ISBN 978-0-19-005260-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c Yin, Hongbiao (November 1996). "Ideological and political tendencies of factions in the red guard movement". Journal of Contemporary China. 5 (13): 269–280. doi:10.1080/10670569608724255. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
^ Chen, Anita (September 1992). "Dispelling misconceptions about the red guard movement: The necessity to re-examine cultural revolution factionalism and periodization". Journal of Contemporary China. 1 (1): 66. doi:10.1080/10670569208724156. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
^ Li, Xun; Perry, Elizabeth J. (1993). "Revolutionary Rudeness: The Language of Red Guards and Rebel Workers in China's Cultural Revolution". Center for East Asian Research: 13–15. Retrieved 11 June 2023.

[:0-1] Walder, Andrew G. (2009). Fractured rebellion: the Beijing Red Guard movement. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674064133.

[:2-2] Andreas, Joel (2019). Disenfranchised: the rise and fall of industrial citizenship in China. New York: Oxford University press. ISBN 978-0-19-005260-7.

[:1-3] Yin, Hongbiao (November 1996). "Ideological and political tendencies of factions in the red guard movement". Journal of Contemporary China. 5 (13): 269–280. doi:10.1080/10670569608724255. Retrieved 11 June 2023.

[4] Chen, Anita (September 1992). "Dispelling misconceptions about the red guard movement: The necessity to re-examine cultural revolution factionalism and periodization". Journal of Contemporary China. 1 (1): 66. doi:10.1080/10670569208724156. Retrieved 11 June 2023.

[5] Li, Xun; Perry, Elizabeth J. (1993). "Revolutionary Rudeness: The Language of Red Guards and Rebel Workers in China's Cultural Revolution". Center for East Asian Research: 13–15. Retrieved 11 June 2023.

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