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Rastriya Prajatantra Party

Not to be confused with Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal.

The Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Nepali pronunciation: [rasʈrijʌ prʌˈd͡zatʌntrʌ ˈpa(r)ʈi]; Nepali: राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी, lit. 'National Democratic Party'; abbr. RPP, RaPraPa (Nepali: राप्रपा)) is a constitutional monarchist and Hindu nationalist political party in Nepal.[7]

Rastriya Prajatantra Party
राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी
AbbreviationRPP
ChairmanRajendra Lingden
SpokespersonGyanendra Shahi
Senior Deputy ChairmanRabindra Mishra
Deputy ChairmanBikram Pandey
Budhhiman Tamang
Dhruba Bahadur Pradhan
Rosan Karki
Founded29 May 1990 (34 years ago) (1990-05-29)
HeadquartersCharumati Bihar, Chabahil, Kathmandu, Nepal
Student wingNational Democratic Student Organization
Youth wingNational Democratic Youth Front
Women's wingNational Democratic Women's Union
Membership150,000[1][2]
IdeologyHindutva[3]
Hindu nationalism[4]
National conservatism
Economic liberalism
Constitutional monarchism
Political positionRight-wing
International affiliationInternational Democracy Union[5]
Asia Pacific Democrat Union[6]
Colours 
ECN StatusNational Party
Seats in Pratinidhi Sabha
14 / 275
Seats in Rastriya Sabha
0 / 59
Seats in Provincial Assemblies
28 / 550
Mayors/Chairs
4 / 753
Councillors
305 / 35,011
Election symbol

Plough
Party flag
Website
rpp.org.np

The party was formed by Panchayat era prime ministers Surya Bahadur Thapa and Lokendra Bahadur Chand in 1990. The party led two coalition governments in 1997 under Thapa and Chand. The two were also appointed prime minister by King Gyanendra in the 2000s; Chand in 2002 and Thapa in 2003.[8][9]

Rajendra Prasad Lingden is currently serving as party chairman after being elected at the party's general convention in December 2021.[10] Rastriya Prajatantra Party is currently the fifth-largest political party in the House of Representatives after winning 14 seats at the 2022 general election and is one of seven national parties recognized by the Election Commission.[11] The party was briefly part of the ruling coalition government following the election, but has been in opposition since 25 February 2023.[12][13]

History

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Founding and early years, 1990–1994

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The Rastriya Prajatantra Party was formed by the ruling elite of the Panchayat era on 29 May 1990. The party split in the same year after another group also registered itself with the Election Commission. The two parties had the same name, ideology and statute but different flags and election symbols. The two parties, one led by Surya Bahadur Thapa zand the other led by Lokendra Bahadur Chand, contested the 1991 elections. The two parties won four seats between them with Chand's party winning three seats and Thapa's party winning one seat. Following their performance at the elections the two parties agreed to merge into a single Rastriya Prajatantra Party on 8 February 1992.[8][14]

The party held its first general convention from in 1992 from 11 to 16 June in Kathmandu and unanimously elected Surya Bahadur Thapa as its chairman. Lokendra Bahadur Chand and Rajeshwor Devkota were elected leader and co-chairman, respectively.[14] The party emerged as a third force at the 1992 local elections and the 1994 general elections. The party received 18 percent of the votes and won 20 seats to the House of Representatives, making them the third largest party in the parliament.[9]

Government and second split, 1995–1999

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Coalition governments, 1995–1997

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The party initially supported the minority government of CPN (UML) but later withdrew their support and backed a no-confidence motion Manmohan Adhikari.[15][16] The party then joined a coalition government with Nepali Congress and Nepal Sadbhawana Party under the premiership of Congress leader Sher Bahadur Deuba.[17][16] A faction of the party led by former prime minister Lokendra Bahadur Chand were dissatisfied with the coalition government and in March 1996 some cabinet ministers close to Chand withdrew their support for the Deuba government and resigned before a no-confidence vote was set to table by the opposition CPN (UML).[18] The ministers withdrew their resignation before the no-confidence vote and Deuba won the confidence vote.[19] Six cabinet ministers close to Chand again resigned from the government in December 1996 but supported Deuba in the confidence vote later and rejoined the cabinet.[20][21][22]

Chand and Thapa governments, 1997–1998

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In March 1997 a faction of the party led by Lokendra Bahadur Chand joined a coalition government with CPN (UML), with Chand as prime minister.[16] On 3 October 1997, the faction led by Surya Bahadur Thapa voted for a no-confidence motion tabled by Nepali Congress and toppled the government. Thapa was then made the prime minister on 6 October 1997 with the support of Congress.[14][23]

After losing support within his party Thapa asked King Birendra to dissolve the house and call for fresh elections. After the recommendation of the Supreme Court, the king called forth a special session of the parliament to debate the no-confidence motion filed against Thapa.[24] Thapa survived the no-confidence vote and expelled six central committee members for threatening to back a no-confidence motion against him.[14][24]

The second general convention of the party took place from 12 to 16 November 1997 in Birgunj. Surya Bahadur Thapa was re-elected for a second term as chairman. Prakash Chandra Lohani, Pashupati SJB Rana and Kamal Thapa were nominated as vice-chairman, general secretary and spokesman respectively. Lokendra Bahadur Chand however created his own Rastriya Prajatantra Party on 9 January 1998 claiming that Thapa had mismanaged the party, did not listen to the directions of the central committee and accused Thapa of not holding the general election in a fair manner. He broke off with 10 members of parliament including 8 from the House of Representatives and 2 from the National Assembly.[14] Thapa resigned as prime minister on 10 April 1998 and was replaced by Nepali Congress president Girija Prasad Koirala.[25]

The two parties contested the 1999 elections and fared badly in the election with the party winning 11 seats and the party led by Chand not winning any seats. Following the elections, the parties decided to merge again on 31 December 1999. A group led by Rajeshwar Devkota however decided not to rejoin the party and formed their own Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Nationalist).[14]

Direct rule and internal conflicts, 2002–2015

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Second Chand and Thapa governments, 2002–2006

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The king dismissed the government of Sher Bahadur Deuba on 4 October 2002 after failing to conduct the elections following the dissolution of the House of Representatives on May earlier that year.[26][27] Lokendra Bahadur Chand was then appointed as prime minister on 11 October 2002.[28] He resigned on 31 May 2003 after protests from opposition parties calling for the restoration of the parliament and the formation of a national consensus government.[29][30][31] Chand had also faced accusations from within his party of failing to address these issues. He was replaced by Surya Bahadur Thapa on 5 June 2002.[14][32]

 
Former party chairmen, Surya Bahadur Thapa and Pashupati SJB Rana

At the third general convention of the party held in Pokhara from 12 to 14 December 2002, Surya Bahadur Thapa completed his second four-year term as party chairman and could not compete for the post of chairman again as per the party constitution. Pashupati SJB Rana was elected chairman during the convention and Padma Sundar Lawati, Kamal Thapa and Rosan Karki were nominated vice-president, general secretary and spokesperson respectively.[14][33]

There were calls within the party for Surya Bahadur Thapa to resign as prime minister for undermining democracy by failing to form a national consensus government.[34] He resigned on 7 May 2004 and was replaced by Nepali Congress (Democratic) leader Sher Bahadur Deuba.[35][36] On 4 November 2004, Thapa announced that he would be quitting the party and forming a new centre-right liberal party.[37][38] The party was formally launched on 13 March 2005 as Rastriya Janashakti Party.[39]

On 1 February 2005, King Gyanendra dismissed Deuba as prime minister and seized executive powers.[40] The party announced their support for the pro-democracy agitation led by the Seven Party Alliance but ten members of the party's central committee, including Kamal Thapa who had rejoined the party after leaving for Janashakti, supported the coup. Thapa along with six central committee members were appointed to the King's cabinet in December 2005 with Thapa becoming Home Minister.[41]

On 10 January 2006, members of the central committee close to Kamal Thapa voted to replace Pashupati SJB Rana as party chairman with Thapa. Thapa's claim as new chairman was dismissed by other members of the party.[42] Thapa's faction of the party contested the 2006 local elections that was boycotted by the Seven Party Alliance and the Rana faction of the party. The party won mayoral positions in major cities including Kathmandu, Pokhara, Bharatpur and Dhangadhi in an election marred by a lack of candidates, violence and low turnout.[43][44] The party members that supported Thapa, including six incumbent cabinet ministers, were expelled. On 28 October 2006, they formed their own party, the royalist Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal, under the leadership of Kamal Thapa.[39][14]

Constituent Assembly, 2007–2015

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The party held its fourth general convention from 9 to 11 December 2007 and re-elected Pashupati SJB Rana as party chairman.[14] Following the 2006 revolution a national consensus government under the leadership of Girija Prasad Koirala was formed. The parliament was reinstated and eventually transformed into the Interim Legislature Parliament after including the Maoists.[45] The party had eight seats in the parliament but two MPs, Budhhiman Tamang and Brijesh Kumar Gupta, were dismissed because of their support of the royal coup.[46]

 
Pashupati SJB Rana: former chairperson of the party

In the 2008 elections the party failed to win a seat from the constituency vote but got 2.45% of the party list votes and won 8 seats to the 1st Constituent Assembly through the party-list proportional representation system. Party chairman Pashupati SJB Rana also lost from Sindhupalchowk 1.[39] On 28 May 2008, at the first session of the 1st Constituent Assembly. The party voted in favor of abolishing the monarchy and turning Nepal into a republic. Lokendra Bahadur Chand who was serving as the parliamentary party leader of the party was absent during the vote.[14][47] The party joined the Madhav Kumar Nepal led government in June 2009.

At the party's fifth general convention from 17 to 19 May 2013, the Rastriya Janashakti Party merged into the party and Surya Bahadur Thapa was elected as the chairman of the unified party. It was also decided that the senior leadership would rotate annually between Surya Bahadur Thapa, Lokendra Bahadur Chand, Pashupati SJB Rana and Prakash Chandra Lohani.[14][48] In the 2013 elections, the party won constituency seats in Rupandehi 2, Chitwan 5 and Dhankuta 2 and got 2.75% of the party list votes and won 10 seats through the party-list proportional representation system for a total of 13 seats in the 2nd Constituent Assembly. The party supported the CPN (UML)–Nepali Congress coalition government under Sushil Koirala following the election and sent two ministers to the cabinet.[49][14]

Federal Nepal, 2016–present

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Flag of the Rastriya Prajatantra Party until 2016

Continued internal conflicts, 2016–2020

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On 21 November 2016, the party announced its unification with the Kamal Thapa led Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal. The new party retained the name of Rastriya Prajatantra Party. The new party had a total strength of 37 in the Parliament of Nepal, becoming the fourth largest party.[50][51] Thapa was elected as chairman of the party in a special general convention in Kathmandu in February 2017.[52] The party joined the coalition government on 9 March 2017 under CPN (Maoist Centre) chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal with Kamal Thapa serving as deputy prime minister.[53] Prakash Chandra Lohani split away from the party following the decision to join the government and because of issues regarding the electoral symbol of the party. He announced the formation of Ekikrit Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Nationalist) on 29 March 2017.[54][14] Another split occurred on 6 August 2017 after Pashupati SJB Rana broke away forming Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Democratic).[55] The party joined the coalition government under Nepali Congress president Sher Bahadur Deuba on 13 October 2017 with Kamal Thapa again serving as deputy prime minister.[56]

In the 2017 general and provincial elections, Rastriya Prajantatra Party formed an alliance with Nepali Congress and Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Democratic).[57] The party only won one seat to the House of Representatives and party chairman Kamal Thapa lost in Makwanpur 1. Only general secretary Rajendra Lingden was elected from Jhapa 3 after forging an electoral pact with the Left Alliance against Nepali Congress in some eastern districts including Jhapa.[58][59][60] The party got 2.06% of the party list votes and could not become a national party after failing to pass the 3% threshold in party list voting. The party also won one seat each to provincial assemblies of Province 1, Province 3 and Province 6.[61]

Re-unification and new leadership, 2020–present

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See also: 2021 general convention of Rastriya Prajatantra Party

The Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Samyukta), created through the merger of Rana and Lohani's splinter groups, merged with the party on 12 March 2020, with Kamal Thapa, Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana and Prakash Chandra Lohani all acting as chairs.[62][63] In July 2020, Sunil Bahadur Thapa, the son of former prime minister Surya Bahadur Thapa, resigned from the party and joined Nepali Congress.[64] The party conducted its general convention from 1 to 3 December 2021 and elected Rajendra Prasad Lingden as the party's chairman. He defeated former deputy prime minister and incumbent party chairman Kamal Thapa at the general convention.[65][10] The party also announced that it had 150,000 active party members.[1] The general convention also elected Nepalgunj mayor Dhawal Shamsher Rana as the party's general secretary and former member of constituent assembly Bikram Pandey as the party vice-president.[66] Following the general convention, Kamal Thapa left the party and revived the Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal.[67]

The party announced intentions to unify other pro-monarchist groups under their umbrella and groups including Nepal Ka Lagi Nepali Campaign, Mission Nepal, Gorach Abhiyan and the Gyanendra Shahi led Hamro Nepal Hami Nepali Campaign joined the party in the following months.[68][69] Former chairman of Bibeksheel Sajha Party, Rabindra Mishra also joined the party on 28 September 2022 as senior vice-president.[70]

The party fielded 140 candidates to the House of Representatives at the 2022 general and provincial elections and forged an election pact with CPN (UML) in Jhapa, Banke and Rupandehi districts.[71] Party chairman Rajendra Lingden retained his seat in Jhapa 3 and the party gained 6 more direct seats. The party also got 5.58% of the party list vote to become one of seven national parties in the Federal Parliament. The party won 7 proportional seats for a total of 14 seats at the House of Representatives.[11] The party was also successful in winning seats to all seven provincial assemblies.[72]

Ideology

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Electoral symbol of the party until 2020

The Rastriya Prajatantra Party was established as an alternative force to the major political parties, Nepali Congress and Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist). The party was founded on the principles of democracy, constitutional monarchy, nationalism and economic liberalism.[14][73][74] At the time of the party's foundation Surya Bahadur Thapa's party was considered as the more liberal party and Lokendra Bahadur Chand's party was considered as the more conservative party.[75]

Monarchy and federal structure

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At the first session of the 1st Constituent Assembly, the party voted to abolish the monarchy and turn Nepal into a secular republic.[14][47] Later however, the party advocated for turning Nepal into a Hindu republic.[76] Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal, a splinter group of the party which had voted against abolishing the monarchy changed its constitution to support the re-establishment of the Hindu state and a return to constitutional monarchy. After the merger between the two parties in November 2016 it was announced that the unified party would take up the constitution of Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal.[50] The party has stated support for a Sanatan Hindu state with full religious freedom and registered an amendment proposal for such on 19 March 2017.[77][78] The Election Commission removed the portion of the party statute that advocated for a Hindu state and monarchy on 17 March 2017 and asked the party to remove the provisions again on 22 January 2022 claiming that it was against Article 260 of the Constitution of Nepal.[79][80]

The party supports a ceremenional monarch, a directly elected prime minister and a fully proportional parliament.[81][14] The party also calls for the scrapping of the provincial governments claiming that it is an expensive experiment. The party wants to instead strengthen the local governments and create a two-tier federal structure.[82][83]

Electoral performance

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Legislative elections

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% Votes of RPP and its splinter groups
11.94  
5.38
6.56
17.93  
17.93
13.85  
10.44
3.41
4.43  
2.45
0.95
1.03
9.41  
2.75
6.66
3.29  
2.06
0.93
0.30
5.7  
5.58
0.12
1991 1994 1999 2008 2013 2017 2022
9.51  
RPP (6.66)
RPP (C) (1.42)
RJSP (0.14)
RPPN (1.12)
RPP(D) (0.13)
URPP(N) (0.04)
Average
Election Leader Votes Seats Position Resulting government
No. % +/- No. +/-
1991 Surya Bahadur Thapa 392,499 5.38
1 / 205
 7th Opposition
Lokendra Bahadur Chand 478,604 6.56
3 / 205
 5th Opposition
1994 Surya Bahadur Thapa 1,367,148 17.93
20 / 205
 Increase  19 Increase  3rd Support for minority government
1999 Surya Bahadur Thapa 899,511 10.44
11 / 205
 Decrease  9 Steady  3rd Opposition
Lokendra Bahadur Chand 293,952 3.41
0 / 205
 9th Opposition
2008 Pashupati SJB Rana 310,214 3.01
8 / 575
 Decrease  3 Decrease  8th Opposition
2013 Surya Bahadur Thapa 238,313 2.63 Decrease 0.38
13 / 575
 Increase  5 Increase  6th Coalition government
2017 Kamal Thapa 196,782 2.06[a] Decrease  0.57
1 / 275
 Decrease  12 Decrease  7th Opposition
2022 Rajendra Prasad Lingden 588,849 5.58 Increase  3.52
14 / 275
 Increase  13 Increase  5th Coalition government
Opposition
  1. ^ Represented as Independent for not reaching the 3% threshold

Provincial elections

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Koshi

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See also: Koshi Provincial Assembly
Election Votes Seats Position Resulting government
No. % +/- No. +/-
2017 57,342 3.30
1 / 93
 5th Opposition
2022 198,511 10.45 Increase  7.15
6 / 93
 Increase  5 Increase  4th Coalition government

Madhesh

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See also: Madhesh Provincial Assembly
Election Votes Seats Position Resulting government
No. % +/- No. +/-
2017 17,039 1.11
0 / 107
 7th Extra-parliamentary
2022 65,054 3.12 Increase  2.01
1 / 107
 Increase  1 Decrease  8th Confidence & supply
Opposition

Bagmati

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See also: Bagmati Provincial Assembly
Election Votes Seats Position Resulting government
No. % +/- No. +/-
2017 59,268 3.13
2 / 110
 5th Opposition
2022 275,562 14.23 Increase  11.10
13 / 110
 Increase  11 Increase  4th Coalition government
Opposition

Gandaki

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See also: Gandaki Provincial Assembly
Election Votes Seats Position Resulting government
No. % +/- No. +/-
2017 15,649 1.64
0 / 40
 7th Extra-parliamentary
2022 59,483 6.03 Increase  4.39
2 / 40
 Increase  2 Increase  4th Coalition government
Opposition

Lumbini

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See also: Lumbini Provincial Assembly
Election Votes Seats Position Resulting government
No. % +/- No. +/-
2017 23,213 1.44
0 / 87
 7th Extra-parliamentary
2022 127,452 6.75 Increase  5.31
4 / 87
 Increase  4 Increase  4th Confidence & supply
Opposition

Karnali

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See also: Karnali Provincial Assembly
Election Votes Seats Position Resulting government
No. % +/- No. +/-
2017 15,629 3.16
1 / 40
 4th Opposition
2022 25,186 4.36 Increase  1.20
1 / 40
 Steady  Decrease  5th Confidence & supply
Opposition

Sudurpashchim

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See also: Sudurpashchim Provincial Assembly
Election Votes Seats Position Resulting government
No. % +/- No. +/-
2017 15,444 1.95
0 / 53
 5th Extra-parliamentary
2022 44,233 4.93 Increase  2.98
1 / 53
 Increase  1 Decrease  6th Confidence & supply
Opposition

Leadership

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Chairpersons

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Current party chairman, Rajendra Prasad Lingden

Prime Ministers

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No. Prime Minister Portrait Terms in Office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1. Lokendra Bahadur Chand   12 March 1997 7 October 1997 209 days 3rd House of Representatives Chand, 1997 Baitadi 2
11 October 2002 5 June 2003 237 days Appointed by King Gyanendra Chand, 2002
2. Surya Bahadur Thapa   7 October 1997 15 April 1998 190 days 3rd House of Representatives Thapa, 1998 Dhankuta 2
5 June 2003 4 September 2004 1 year, 91 days Appointed by King Gyanendra Thapa, 2003

Deputy Prime Ministers

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No. Prime Minister Portrait Terms in Office Legislature Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1. Kamal Thapa   12 October 2015 4 August 2016 297 days Constituent Assembly Oli, 2015 Party list
17 October 2017 14 February 2018 120 days Constituent Assembly Deuba, 2017
2. Rajendra Prasad Lingden   17 January 2023 25 February 2023 39 days 2nd Federal Parliament Dahal, 2023 Jhapa 3

Current leadership

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No. Portfolio[84][85][86] Office holder Terms in Office
Start End Tenure
1. Chairman Rajendra Prasad Lingden 5 December 2021 Incumbent 2 years, 354 days
2. Senior Deputy Chairman Rabindra Mishra 28 September 2022 Incumbent 2 years, 56 days
3. Deputy Chairman Bikram Pandey 5 December 2021 Incumbent 2 years, 354 days
Buddhi Man Tamang
Dhruba Bahadur Pradhan
Roshan Karki
Hemjung Gurung
Mukundashyam Giri
4. General Secretary Dhawal Shamsher Rana 5 December 2021 Incumbent 2 years, 354 days
Bhuwan Pathak
Kunti Shahi
Rajendra Gurung 31 January 2022 2 years, 297 days
Pralhad Prasad Sah
Sharad Raj Pathak 22 December 2022 1 year, 337 days
5. Spokesperson Bhakti Prasad Sitaula 31 January 2022 Incumbent 2 years, 297 days
Mohan Shrestha
Sagun Sundar Lawati
Gopal Dahal
Gyanendra Shahi 15 February 2021 2 years, 282 days
6. Joint General Secretary Mohan Prasad Yadav 31 January 2022 Incumbent 2 years, 297 days
Dhan Bahadur Budha
Shyam Bahadur Shahi
Prakash Rimal
Rabindra Pratap Shah
Jhanak Pyakurel
Reena Gurung
7. Assistant Spokesperson Pravin Kumar Thokar Tamang 31 January 2022 Incumbent 2 years, 297 days
Dinesh Kumar Sah
Purna Bahadur Chand
8. Assistant General Secretary Ramnand Neupane 31 January 2022 Incumbent 2 years, 297 days
Bijay Khadka
Prem Balayar
Rishiraj Devkota
Tahir Ali
Deepak Kumar Rai

Provincial Committee Chairs

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Province Chairman Term start Reference
Province No. 1 Ram Thapa 2021 [87]
Province No. 2 Bharat Giri
Bagmati Province Bikram Thapa
Gandaki Province Hem Jung Gurung
Lumbini Province Pradip Kumar Uday
Karnali Province Dip Bahadur Shahi
Sudurpashchim Province Dharma Raj Joshi

List of current Members of Parliament

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Rastriya Prajatantra Party (14)
Constituency/PR group Member Portfolio & Responsibilities/Remarks
Jhapa 3 Rajendra Lingden Parliamentary party leader
Jumla 1 Gyan Bahadur Shahi Chief whip
Spokesperson
Banke 2 Dhawal Shamsher Rana
Chitwan 3 Bikram Pandey
Makwanpur 1 Deepak Bahadur Singh
Nawalparasi West 2 Dhruba Bahadur Pradhan
Rupandehi 3 Deepak Bohara
Dalit Anisha Nepali
Madheshi Bina Jaiswal
Indigenous peoples Bina Lama
Indigenous peoples Budhhiman Tamang
Khas Arya Gita Basnet
Khas Arya Pashupati Shamsher Rana
Khas Arya Rosan Karki

Sister Organizations

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See also

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References

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