In Greek mythology, Pyrrha (/ˈpɪrə/; Ancient Greek: Πύῤῥα, romanized: Pýrrha) was the daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora and wife of Deucalion of whom she had three sons, Hellen, Amphictyon, Orestheus; and three daughters Protogeneia, Pandora II and Thyia. According to some accounts, Hellen[1] or Helmetheus[2] was credited to be born from Pyrrha's union with Zeus.
| Pyrrha | |
|---|---|
Queen of Thessaly | |
 | |
| Abode | Phthia, Thessaly |
| Genealogy | |
| Parents | Epimetheus and Pandora |
| Consort | (1) Deucalion (2) Zeus |
| Children | (1.i) Hellen, Pandora and Thyia (1.ii) Hellen, Protogeneia and Amphictyon (1.iii) Orestheus, Marathonius and Pronoos (1.iv) Melantho (1.v) Candybus (2) Hellen or Helmetheus |
Etymology
editIn Latin, the word pyrrhus means red from the Greek adjective πυρρός, purrhos, meaning "flame coloured", or simply "red", referring in particular to people with red hair,[3] as Pyrrha is described by both Horace[4] and Ovid.[5]
Mythology
editWhen Zeus decided to end the Bronze Age with the great deluge, Pyrrha and her husband, Deucalion, were the only survivors. Even though he was imprisoned, Prometheus who could see the future and had foreseen the coming of this flood,[6] told his son, Deucalion, to build an ark and, thus, they survived. During the flood, they landed on Mount Parnassus, the only place spared by the flood.
Once the deluge was over and the couple were on land again, Deucalion consulted the oracle of Themis about how to repopulate the earth. He was told to throw the bones of his mother behind his shoulder. Deucalion and Pyrrha understood the "mother" to be Gaia, the mother of all living things, and the "bones" to be rocks. They threw the rocks behind their shoulders, which soon began to lose their hardness and change form. Their mass grew greater, and the beginnings of human form emerged. The parts that were soft and moist became skin, the veins of the rock became people's veins, and the hardest parts of the rocks became bones. The stones thrown by Pyrrha became women; those thrown by Deucalion became men.[citation needed]
The story of Deucalion and Pyrrha is also retold in the Roman poet Ovid's famous collection Metamorphoses. In this retelling, Jove (the Roman equivalent of Zeus) takes pity on the couple, recognizing them to be devout worshipers. He parts the clouds and ends the deluge specifically to save Deucalion and Pyrrha, who are floating aimlessly on a raft. When the storm has cleared and the waters have subsided, Deucalion and Pyrrha are taken aback by the desolate wreckage of the land, and understand that they are now responsible for repopulating the earth. Confused on how to carry out their destiny, they go to see the goddess Themis. Themis tells Pyrrha that she must cast the bones of her mother to successfully reproduce. Pyrrha is distraught at the idea of desecrating her mother's honor by digging up her bones, but Deucalion correctly reasons that Themis is referring to great mother earth, as Themis would never advise someone to commit a crime. Both Pyrrha and Deucalion throw a stone over their shoulder – Pyrrha's turning into a woman, Deucalion's turning into a man.[7]
Once the land has been repopulated with humans, mother earth follows suit and begins to produce all other forms of life. Ovid uses this opportunity to inform his audience that heat and water are the sources of all life, "because when heat and moisture blend in due balance, they conceive: these two, these are the origin of everything. Though fire and water fight, humidity and warmth create all things; that harmony".[8]
Genealogy of Hellenes
editSee also
editNote
edit- ^ Apollodorus, 1.7.2
- ^ Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions 10.21
- ^ πυρρός. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- ^ Horace, Odes 1.5.
- ^ Ovidius Naso, Publius; Feeney, Denis (2004). Metamorphoses: a new verse translation. Penguin classics. Translated by Raeburn, David. London: Penguin books. ISBN 978-0-14-044789-7.
- ^ "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Old Greek Stories, by James Baldwin". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
- ^ Ovid (1919). Metamorphoses. London: G. Bell & Sons LTD. pp. 21–26.
- ^ Ovid (1919). Metamorphoses. London: G. Bell & Sons LTD. p. 15.
- ^ Grimal, p. 531; Hard, p. 702.
References
edit- Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
- Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1. Internet Archive.
- Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-415-18636-0. Google Books.
- Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions from Ante-Nicene Library Volume 8, translated by Smith, Rev. Thomas. T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh. 1867. Online version at theio.com
- Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses translated by Brookes More (1859-1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses. Hugo Magnus. Gotha (Germany). Friedr. Andr. Perthes. 1892. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Quintus Horatius Flaccus, The Odes and Carmen Saeculare of Horace. Edition by John Conington. London. George Bell and Sons. 1882. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Quintus Horatius Flaccus, Odes and Epodes. Edition by Paul Shorey and Gordon J. Laing. Chicago. Benj. H. Sanborn & Co. 1919. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
External links
edit- Phyrrha, Three translations in English
- The Library of Greek Mythology (Apollodorus), translated by Robin Hard