Probactrosaurus (meaning "before Bactrosaurus") is an early herbivorous hadrosauroid iguanodont dinosaur. It lived in China during the Early Cretaceous period.
| Probactrosaurus Temporal range: Early Cretaceous,
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| Complete skeleton mounted at the Giga Dinosaur Exhibition 2017 | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Dinosauria |
| Clade: | †Ornithischia |
| Clade: | †Neornithischia |
| Clade: | †Ornithopoda |
| Superfamily: | †Hadrosauroidea |
| Genus: | †Probactrosaurus Rozhdestvensky, 1966 |
| Type species | |
| †Probactrosaurus gobiensis Rozhdestvensky, 1966
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| Synonyms | |
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Discovery and species
editIn 1959 and 1960 a Soviet-Chinese expedition uncovered the remains of a euornithopod in Inner Mongolia near Maortu. The type species is Probactrosaurus gobiensis, described and named by A. K. Rozhdestvensky in 1966.[2] The generic name refers to Rozhdestvensky's hypothesis that Probactrosaurus would be the direct ancestor of Bactrosaurus, a notion now discarded.
The specific name refers to the Gobi Desert. The holotype specimen, PIN 2232/1, a partial skeleton with skull, was found in layers of the Miaogou Formation (Maortu locality; originally interpreted as the nearby Dashuigou Formation).[1] Another partial skeleton, PIN 2232-10, was found along with numerous other fragments.[2]
In 1966 Rozhdestvensky also named a second species, Probactrosaurus alashanicus, based on fragmentary material. Its specific name refers to the Alxa League. In 2002 David B. Norman published a revision of the genus, in which he reported the holotype specimen of P. alashanicus, the back of a skull, had been lost after being dispatched from Moscow to Beijing. He concluded that the species was a synonym of P. gobiensis.[3]
In 1997 Lü Junchang named a third species, Probactrosaurus mazongshanensis, based on holotype IVPP V.11333 found in 1992. The specific name refers to the Mazong Shan region.[4] Today, this form is seen as more closely related to Equijubus and Altirhinus rather than to P. gobiensis and is therefore commonly referred to as "Probactrosaurus" mazongshanensis.[3] It was moved to the new genus Gongpoquansaurus in 2014.[5]
Description
editProbactrosaurus was a herbivorous dinosaur. In 2010 Gregory S. Paul estimated its length at 5.5 metres (18 feet) and its weight at one tonne.[6] Probactrosauurus was lightly built, with relatively long and slender arms and hands and only a small thumb spike. It had a narrow snout, an elongated lower jaw and tooth batteries, each consisting of a superimposed double row of flattened cheek teeth; a third row of replacement teeth was incipient. Probably predominantly quadrupedal, it shared some common features with the later duck-billed dinosaurs.[7]
Classification
editProbactrosaurus was originally assigned by Rozhdestvenky to the Iguanodontidae.[2] Today it is seen as a basal member of the Hadrosauroidea, relatively closely related to the Hadrosauromorpha.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Hao, Mingze; Li, Zhiyu; Wang, Zhili; Wang, Shuqiong; Ma, Feimin; Qinggele; King, J. Logan; Pei, Rui; Zhao, Qi; Xu, Xing (2024-10-24). "A new oviraptorosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Miaogou Formation of western Inner Mongolia, China". Cretaceous Research (in press): 106023. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.106023.
- ^ a b c A.K. Rozhdestvensky (1966). "Novyye iguanodonty iz Tsentral'noy Azii. Filogeneticheskiye i taksonomicheskiye v zaimootnosheniya pozdnikh Iguanodontidae i rannikh Hadrosauridae. [New iguanodonts from Central Asia. Phylogenetic and taxonomic interrelationships of late Iguanodontidae and early Hadrosauridae]". Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal. 3: 103–116.
- ^ a b David Norman (2002). "On Asian ornithopods (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). 4. Probactrosaurus Rozhdestvensky, 1966". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 136 (1): 113–144. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00027.x.
- ^ J. Lü (1997). "A new Iguanodontidae (Probactrosaurus mazongshanensis sp. nov.) from Mazongshan area, Gansu Province, China". Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing: 27–47.
- ^ You, H.-I.; Li, D.-Q.; Dodson, P. (2014). "Gongpoquansaurus mazongshanensis (Lü, 1997) comb. nov. (Ornithischia: Hadrosauroidea) from the Early Cretaceous of Gansu Province, Northwestern China". In Eberth, David A.; Evans, David C. (eds.). Hadrosaurs. Indiana University Press. pp. 73–76. ISBN 978-0-253-01390-3.
- ^ Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 292
- ^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-84028-152-1.
- ^ Norman, D.B. (2014). "On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2014: 1–98. doi:10.1111/zoj.12193.