Philippicus (Latin: Filepicus;[b] Greek: Φιλιππικός, romanized: Philippikós) was Byzantine emperor from 711 to 713. He took power in a coup against the unpopular emperor Justinian II, and was deposed in a similarly violent manner nineteen months later. During his brief reign, Philippicus supported monothelitism in Byzantine theological disputes, and saw conflict with the First Bulgarian Empire and the Umayyad Caliphate.
| Philippicus | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor of the Romans | |||||||||
 A solidus of Philippicus | |||||||||
| Byzantine emperor | |||||||||
| Reign | 4 November 711 – 3 June 713 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Justinian II | ||||||||
| Successor | Anastasius II | ||||||||
| Born | Pergamum (now Bergama, Izmir, Turkey) | ||||||||
| Died | 713 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Dynasty | Twenty Years' Anarchy | ||||||||
| Father | Nicephorus | ||||||||
Biography
editPhilippicus was originally named Bardanes (Greek: Βαρδάνης, romanized: Bardánēs; Armenian: Վարդան, Vardan); he was the son of the patrician Nicephorus, who was of Armenian extraction from an Armenian colony in Pergamum.[6] The Armenian background of Philippicus has been supported by Byzantinist historians Peter Charanis and Nicholas Adontz,[7] and disputed by Anthony Kaldellis.[8] Kaldellis adds that Bardanes was probably born and raised in the Byzantine realm, as his father Nicephorus possibly was. Contemporaneous sources attest to Bardanes' tutoring, scholarly interests, learning and eloquence, all of which were in Greek.[8] Byzantine historians Leslie Brubaker and John Haldon suggested Bardanes had some connection or affiliation with the Armenian Mamikonian family,[9] which Kaldellis also denies. Byzantine researcher Toby Bromige felt Kaldellis was too dismissive of the Armenian ancestry of certain Byzantine individuals.[10] Kaldellis disputes this view, pointing to his anti-Armenian policies such as his decision to expel all Armenians from the empire, forcing them to seek refuge among the Arabs, (though this wasn't fully enforced) and his later decree ordering all Armenians to accept the authority of the Patriarch of Constantinople. According to Kaldellis, this "shows that despite his ancestry he was not, and did not consider himself to be, 'an Armenian,' as some modern historians call him" and speculated that he may have been Persian.
Relying on the support of the Monothelite party, he made some pretensions to the throne on the outbreak of the first great rebellion against Emperor Justinian II; these led to his relegation to Cephalonia by Tiberius III, and subsequently to his banishment to Cherson by order of Justinian. Here, Bardanes, taking the name Philippicus, successfully incited the inhabitants to revolt with the help of the Khazars. The successful rebels seized Constantinople, and Justinian fled; Philippicus took the throne. Justinian was subsequently seized and beheaded; his son Tiberius was likewise apprehended by Philippicus's officers, Ioannes and Mauros, and killed in a church. Justinian's principal officers, such as Barasbakourios, were also massacred.
Reign
editAmong the first acts of Philippicus were the deposition of Cyrus (the orthodox patriarch of Constantinople) in favour of John VI (a member of his own sect), and the summoning of a conciliabulum of Eastern bishops, which abolished the canons of the Sixth Ecumenical Council. In response, the Roman Church refused to recognize the new emperor and his patriarch. Meanwhile, the Bulgarian ruler Tervel plundered up to the walls of Constantinople in 712. When Philippicus transferred an army from the Opsikion theme to police the Balkans, the Umayyad Caliphate under Al-Walid I made inroads across the weakened defenses of Asia Minor.
In late May 713 the Opsikion troops rebelled in Thrace. Several of their officers penetrated the city and blinded Philippicus on June 3, 713 while he was in the hippodrome.[11] He was succeeded for a short while by his principal secretary, Artemius, who was raised to the purple as Emperor Anastasius II. He died in the same year.
See also
editNotes
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ Katerkamp, Theodor (1840). Kerkelijke geschiedenis: bd. Van Rossum. p. 56.
- ^ J. W. van Loon (1863). Beknopt chronologisch Overzigt des Kerkgeschiedenis, in synchronistisch verband met de wereldgeschiedenis, etc. p. 86.
- ^ Maximus, Valerius (1536). VAL. MAX. LIBRI IX. Henricum Petrum. p. 537.
- ^ Sear, David (1987). Byzantine Coins and Their Values. Spink Books. p. 276. ISBN 978-1-912667-39-0.
- ^ Garipzanov, Ildar H. (2008). The Symbolic Language of Royal Authority in the Carolingian World (c. 751–877). Brill. pp. ix, 28. ISBN 978-90-04-16669-1.
- ^ Charanis, Peter (1959). "Ethnic Changes in the Byzantine Empire in the Seventh Century". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 13. Dumbarton Oaks: 23–44. doi:10.2307/1291127. JSTOR 1291127.
- ^ Charanis 1961, pp. 197, 205.
- ^ a b Kaldellis, Anthony (2019). Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium. Harvard University Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0674986510.
- ^ Brubaker, Leslie; Haldon, John (2011). Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era, c. 680–850: A History. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 587. ISBN 978-0-521-43093-7.
- ^ Bromige, Toby (8 March 2021). "Anthony Kaldellis, Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium". Cambridge Core. doi:10.1017/byz.2020.30. S2CID 233600380. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ Theophanes 1982, p. 79.
Sources
edit- Charanis, Peter (1961). "The Armenians in the Byzantine Empire". Byzantinoslavica. 22. Prague: 196–240. ISSN 0007-7712.
- Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- Theophanes; Translated by Harry Turtledove (September 1982). The Chronicle of Theophanes: an English translation of anni mundi 6095–6305 (A.D. 602–813) (1982 ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1128-6.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Philippicus". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Further reading
edit- The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, 1991.
External links
editMedia related to Philippicus (category) at Wikimedia Commons