The Nanda–Mauryan War[6] was a war fought in ancient India from c. 323 BCE to 321 BCE between the King Dhana Nanda of the Nanda dynasty and forces of Chandragupta Maurya that led to the establishment of the Maurya Empire in Magadha.[7] Little is known from historical sources for certain dating about the conflict. According to Mudrarakshasa legends, Chandragupta's army included Bahlika, Kirata, Parasika, Kamboja, Saka, and Greek mercenaries. The army invaded capital city Pataliputra (Kusumapura) after regaining power and defeated the Nandas.[8][9]
| Nanda–Mauryan war | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Extend of the Nanda Empire around the time of the war. | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Nanda Empire |
House of Maurya Supported by: | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Dhana Nanda † Amatya Rakshas  Bhaddasala † [3] |
Chandragupta Maurya Chanakya | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
200,000 infantry 80,000 cavalry 8,000 chariots 6,000 war elephants[4] |
600,000 infantry 30,000 cavalry 8,000 chariots 9,000 war elephants[5] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 100,000 of soldiers, 10,000 elephants, 100,000 horses and 5,000 charioteers were killed in the encounter. [3] | |||||||||
Primary War
editMuch of what is known about the conquest comes from accounts written long after the war itself. Ancient historian Plutarch gives an account of parts of the conquest.[10] The conquest was fictionalized in Mudrarakshasa, a political drama in Sanskrit by Vishakadatta composed between 300 CE and 700 CE.[11] The history is also briefly recounted in Vishnu Purana (unknown date), which emphasizes the importance of Chanakya in the destruction of the Nanda empire.[12] In another work, Milinda Panha (dating from 100 BCE), Bhaddasala is named as a Nanda general during the conquest.[11]
Estimates of the number of soldiers involved are based in part on ancient Roman sources. Plutarch estimates that Chandragupta's army would later number 600,000 by the time it had subdued all of India,[13] an estimate also given by Pliny (23 AD–79 AD). Pliny and Plutarch also estimated the Nanda Army strength in the east as 200,000 infantry, 80,000 cavalry, 8,000 chariots, and 6,000 war elephants. These estimates were based in part of the earlier work of the Seleucid ambassador to the Maurya, Megasthenes.[4] One 21st-century author, Suhas Chatterjee, suggests that "Chandragupta had to engage all his military strength, even Greek mercenaries from Punjab in his conquest of the Nanda king" and according to references about the conquest in the Milinda Panha "100,000 of soldiers, 10,000 elephants, 100,000 horses and 5,000 charioteers were killed in the encounter".[14]
Chandragupta Maurya Reign
editIn Mudrarakshasa, Chandragupta was said to have first acquired Punjab, and then combined forces with Chanakya and advanced upon the Nanda Empire.[11] Similarly, Plutarch writes that he first overthrew Alexander's prefects in the northwest of India.[10]
P. K. Bhattacharyya concludes that the war would have consisted of gradual conquest of provinces after the initial consolidation of Magadha.[13]
In Mudrarakshasa, he laid siege to Kusumapura (or Pataliputra, now Patna), the capital of Magadha, with the help of north-west frontier tribe mercenaries from areas already conquered.[11] The siege may have begun in 320 BCE.[15] By 312 BCE he had conquered all of north and north-west India.[11]
In the war, Chandragupta may have allied with the Matsya king and the Suryavamshi king of Kalinga (modern-day Odisha).[16] The prior experience of his mercenaries from the Punjab were likely important in his military success.[17]
It is also suggested that Chandragupta's campaign was laid out by using popular guerrilla tactics, as the Nanda Empire was large and had been able to wield large armies that would have been overwhelming to oppose by an upstart.[15]
Siege of Patliputra (322 B.C)
editChanakya and Chandragupta Maurya stationed garrisons in rashtras (nations)[18] and janapadas. In 322 BC, they march to Magadha, besieged the capital Pataliputra and captured it.[19] They forced the Nandas to surrender.[20] Dhanananda, the last Nanda king was killed in action during the siege.[21] The war brought an end to the Nanda dynasty and established the Maurya Empire with Chandragupta Maurya as its emperor.
Aftermath
editMaurya Empire consisted of at least 3 provinces at the end of Chandragupta's conquests: Avantirastra (capital: Ujjayini), Uttarapatha (capital: Taksasila), and Purvapatha (capital: Pataliputra).[13] Chanakya later became Chandragupta's prime minister.[17]
Chandragupta eventually expanded his empire to southern India and warred with the Seleucid Empire over control over all of north western India and parts of Persia.[22][23]
The Maurya Empire eventually became the most extensive empire in India with area of 5,000,000 km2.[15][24]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b [17] Roy, Kaushik. Warfare in Pre-British India–1500BCE to 1740CE. Routledge, 2015. p46-50
- ^ a b Mookerji 1988, p. 6.
- ^ [11] Roy, Kaushik. Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present. Cambridge University Press, 2012. p61-62
- ^ a b Mookerji, Radhakumud. Chandragupta Maurya and his times. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1966. p165-166
- ^ Empires ascendant : time frame 400 BC-AD 200. Internet Archive. Alexandria, Va. : Time-Life Books. 1987. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-8094-6412-8.
Chandragupta and his successors devoted much of their wealth to building military power. At the height of the Mauryan empire, army was counted at 600,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, 9,000 war elephants, and 8,000 chariots.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Roy 2012, p. 62.
- ^ Sen 1895, pp. 26–32.
- ^ Chandragupta Maurya and His Times, Radhakumud Mookerji, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1966, p. 27 [1]
- ^ History Of The Chamar Dynasty, Raj Kumar, Gyan Publishing House, 2008, p. 51 [2]
- ^ a b Barua, Pradeep. The State at War in South Asia. Vol. 2. U of Nebraska Press, 2005. pp13-15 via Project MUSE (subscription required)
- ^ a b c d e Roy, Kaushik. Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present. Cambridge University Press, 2012. p61-62
- ^ Sharma, Urmila, and Sanjeev Kumar Sharma. Indian Political Thought. Atlantic Publishers & Dist, 2001. p53
- ^ a b c Bhattacharyya, Pranab Kumar. Historical Geography of Madhyapradesh from Early Records. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1977. p8
- ^ Chatterjee, Suhas (1998). Indian civilization and culture. New Delhi: M.D. Publications. p. 155. ISBN 9788175330832.
- ^ a b c R.G. Grant: Commanders, Penguin (2010). pg. 49
- ^ Roy, Kaushik. Warfare in Pre-British India–1500BCE to 1740CE. Routledge, 2015. p46-50
- ^ a b Roy, Kaushik. Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Routledge, 2015. p13
- ^ https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=nation&dir=au
- ^ Mittal, J.P (2006). History of Ancient India (A New Version). Atlantic. p. 623. ISBN 9788126906161.
- ^ Chatterjee, Suhas (1998). Indian Civillization and Culture. M. D. Publications. p. 136. ISBN 9788175330832.
- ^ Prasad, Rajendra (1999). Politico-geographical Analysis of the Arthashastra. Inter-India Publications. p. 57. ISBN 9788121002240.
- ^ Strabo, Geography, xv.2.9
- ^ Kosmin 2014, p. 33–34.
- ^ "List of largest empires in India". en.wikipedia-on-ipfs.org. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
Works cited
edit- Kosmin, Paul J. (2014). The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-72882-0.
- Mookerji, Radha Kumud (1988) [first published in 1966], Chandragupta Maurya and his times (4th ed.), Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0433-3
- Roy, Kaushik (2012), Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-01736-8
- Sen, R.K. (1895), "Origin of the Maurya of Magadha and of Chanakya", Journal of the Buddhist Text Society of India, The Society