The term Krumen (also Kroumen, Kroomen) refers to historical sailors from the Kru people group living mostly along the coast of Liberia[1] and Côte d’Ivoire.[2] One theory, advanced in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, was that the term Kru or Krumen derived from Klao, which is the name of the Kru in their language.[1] Their numbers were estimated to be 48,300 in 1993, of whom 28,300 were in Côte d’Ivoire.[2] They are a subgroup of the Grebo and speak the Krumen language.
Etymology
editThere has been much scholarly debate on the historical origin of the term Krumen, since there is little evidence of use of the term outside of the maritime environment in which the Kru men served as sailors, and the fact that many Grebo and other West Africans worked in this capacity. Hence the mistaken belief that its root was from "crewmen" in English (a pidgin form of which was a lingua franca among them, thanks to their service as on European vessels).
Although the earliest Kru mariners may have come from the five core towns, people from many other places and ethnicities joined the original Kru, creating a mixed but strongly held identity, not only in their home district, but in the many trading posts and towns where they came to settle, and then people from those places also became effectively Krumen by taking on their identity and behavioral characteristics. Some scholars maintain that in fact the term Krumen and indeed even Kru originated in the maritime branch of the culture alone, being transported back to the homelands from the dispersed communities,[3] but others contend that the process of identity formation was more complex involving both maritime and shore communities.[4]
The Kru languages
editWilhelm Bleek classified the Kru language with the Mandingo family, and in this he was followed by R. G. Latham; S. W. Koelle, who published a Kru grammar (1854), disagreed.[1] Now Kru is considered a primary branch of the Niger-Congo family.
Notes
edit- ^ a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Krumen". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 933.
- ^ a b "Ethnologue report on Krumen". Ethnologue.com.
- ^ Frederick McEvoy, "Understanding Ethnic Realities among the Grebo and Kru Peoples of Western Africa," Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 47/1 (1977): 62-80.
- ^ L. B. Breitborde, "City, Countryside and Kru Ethnicity," Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 61/2 (1991): 186-201.
References
edit- Behrens, Christine (1974). Le Croumen de la côte occidental de l'Afrique Talence: Ministère de la Education Nationale.
- Brooks, George (1972). The Kru Mariner in the Nineteenth Century: An Historical Compendium, Newark, DE: Liberian Studies Association of America.
- Breitborde,L. B. (1991). "City, Countryside and Kru Ethnicity," Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 61/2 (1991): 186-201.
- McEvoy,Frederick (1977). "Understanding Ethnic Realities among the Grebo and Kru Peoples of Western Africa," Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 47/1: 62-80.
Further reading
edit- Büttikofer, Johann (1890), Reisebilder aus Liberia 2 vols., Leiden.
- Burroughs, Robert (2009) "[T]rue Sailors of Western Africa: Kur Seafaring Identity in British Traveler's Accounts of the 1830s and 40s," Journal for Maritime Research 11: 51-67.
- Harry H. Johnston (1906), Liberia London.
- Martin, Jane (1995). "Krumen 'Down the Coast': Liberian Migrants on the West African Coast in the 19th and early 20th centuries," International Journal of African Historical Studies 18: 401-23.
- Nicholas (1872), in Bulletin de la Société Anthropologique
- A. de Quatrefages and E. T. Hamy (1878–1879), Crania ethnica, 9: 363 (a biometric study)
- Schlagintweit-Sakununski, "Angaben zur Charaturistik der Kru-Neger," Sitzungsberichte Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München 5(1875): 183-202 (a biometric study of 3 Kru sailors on a ship bound for India in 1857).