This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. (February 2012) |
Armand-Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud (20 August 1798[1] – 29 September 1854) was a French soldier and Marshal of France. He served as French Minister of War until the Crimean War when he became Commander-in-chief of the army of the East.
Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud | |
|---|---|
 Saint-Arnaud, by Pierre-Louis Pierson c. 1850s | |
| Born | 20 August 1798 Paris, France |
| Died | 29 September 1854 (aged 56) Black Sea |
| Buried | |
| Allegiance |  Bourbon Restoration July Monarchy French Second Republic Second French Empire |
| Service | French Army |
| Years of service | 1821–1854 |
| Rank | Maréchal de France |
| Battles / wars | Conquest of Algeria Crimean War |
| Awards | Legion of Honour (Grand Croix) |
| Signature |  |
Biography
editBorn in Paris, he entered the army in 1817, but after ten years of garrison service he still held only the lowest commissioned grade. He then resigned, led a life of adventure in several lands and returned to the army at the age of thirty as a sub-lieutenant. He took part in the suppression of the Vendée émeute (1832), and served for a time on the staff of General (Marshal) Bugeaud. However, his debts and the scandals of his private life compelled him to go to Algeria as a captain in the French Foreign Legion. There he distinguished himself on numerous occasions, and after twelve years had risen to the rank of maréchal de camp (major general).[2]
Following the example of Marshal Aimable Pélissier, Saint Arnaud suffocated 500 Arab tribesmen (8 August 1845), in a cave between Tenes and Mostaganem, in the Sbeah area. Three days later he wrote "I hermetically sealed all exits and made a vast cemetery. The earth will cover the corpses of these fanatics for ever. No one went down to the caverns; no one but me knows that there are 500 brigands under here who will not cut the throats of the French any more. A confidential report related everything to the Marshal simply, without terrible poetry and without images. Brother, no one is good by taste and by nature like me. From the 8th to the 12th, I was sick, but my conscience does not blame me for anything. I did my duty" [1]. These massacres were regarded with absolute horror in the French press, as an article in The Times relates.[3]
He also burnt 200 villages in 1846, including rich arable fields."I left in my wake a vast conflagration. All the villages, some 200 in number, were burned down, all the gardens destroyed, all the olive trees cut down."[4]
In 1848 Saint Arnaud commanded a brigade during the revolution in Paris. On his return to Africa, possibly because Louis Napoleon considered him a suitable military head of a potential coup d'état, an expedition took place into Little Kabylie in northern Algeria, in which Saint Arnaud showed his prowess as a commander-in-chief and provided his superiors with the pretext for bringing him home as a general of division (July 1851).
He succeeded Marshal Magnan as minister of war and superintended the military operations of the coup d'état of 2 December 1851, which placed Louis Napoleon on the throne as Emperor Napoleon III. A year later he became a Marshal of France and a senator, remaining at the head of the war office until 1854, when he set out to command the French forces in the Crimean War, alongside his British colleague Lord Raglan. Ill with stomach cancer, he died on board ship just over a week after commanding troops at the Battle of the Alma on 20 September 1854. His body was returned to France, and lies buried in Les Invalides.[2]
After his death Saint Arnaud was regarded as a military hero, by both the French state and army. However, in Victor Hugo's long poem "Saint Arnaud",[5] he is described as a criminal ‘jackal’ who had orchestrated the bloody massacres that followed Louis-Napoleon’s coup d’état. Algernon Charles Swinburne later described the poem of Saint Arnaud as an example of Hugo's 'poetic genius'. Swinburne said 'Then... came the great and terrible poem on the life and death of the miscreant marshal who gave the watchword of massacre in the streets of Paris'.[6]
Legacy
editThe town of St Arnaud, Victoria, Australia was named after Jacques and has a commemorative statue of him in the town's botanical gardens on Napier Street. Another town, located in Algeria, was called Saint Arnaud under French rule; currently, its name is El Eulma. The Saint Arnaud Range and the nearby locality of Saint Arnaud in New Zealand both derive their name from him.
Honours
editSecond French Empire: Baton of Maréchal de France
Kingdom of Sardinia: Grand Croix of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Two Sicilies: Grand Croix of the Order of Saint George and Reunion
Papal States: Grand Croix of the Order of Pope Pius IX
Belgium: Commander of the Order of Leopold
Ottoman Empire: First Class of the Order of the Medjidie
Tunisia: First Class of the Order of Glory
Further reading
edit- Lettres du Maréchal de Saint Arnaud (Paris, 1855; 2nd edition with memoire by Sainte-Beuve, 1858).[2]
References
edit- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Saint Arnaud, Jacques Leroy de". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1016.
- ^ "French Atrocities in Algeria", The Times, 14 July 1845
- ^ Bennoune, Mahfoud (29 July 1988). The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987. Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-0521301503. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
- ^ Hugo, Victor (17 October 1854). "Saint Arnaud". Les Châtiments (in French).
- ^ Godfrey, Sima (2 February 2016). "La Guerre de Crimée n'aura pas lieu" (PDF). French Cultural Studies. Sage Journals.