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Florence, Massachusetts

Florence is a village in the northwestern portion of the city of Northampton, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. During the 19th century, Florence was a thriving manufacturing village shaped by progressive ideas on religion, abolitionism, and education.

Florence
Entering Florence, Massachusetts
Entering Florence, Massachusetts
Map
Coordinates: 42°20′08″N 72°40′18″W / 42.33556°N 72.67167°W / 42.33556; -72.67167
CountryUnited States
StateMassachusetts
CityNorthampton
CountyHampshire County
ZIP code
01062[1]
Area code413

History

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Early history

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Before the arrival of European settlers, the area of Florence and Northampton was called Nonotuck, meaning either "middle of the river" or "far away land."[2] Nonotuck was a settlement in the Pocumtuc confederacy.

Name

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The Florence area was known as "Broughton's Meadow" referring to John Broughton, an English settler who purchased land in 1657 that included what is now Northampton and Florence. Broughton's Meadow was used to describe the area until 1846. Other names included "Warner School District" after three brothers who had lived in the area during the early 19th century, and "The Community" referring to the Northampton Association of Education and Industry from 1842 through 1846. In 1848, the village took on the name Bensonville after George W. Benson and the Bensonville Manufacturing Company. After Benson's company went bankrupt in 1849, the village adopted the name Greenville after Greenville Manufacturing Company.[3][4]

In preparation for creating a post office, the village came together in the fall of 1852 to select a new name. The name "Florence" was suggested by Dr. Charles Munde, and this name was approved by residents.[5][6]

19th century

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Early industry

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Factory villages along the Mill River were producing cotton goods, silk, wool, thread, buttons, wood items for domestic use, furniture, and leather by 1840.[7]

Samuel Whitmarsh moved to Northampton in 1829 and was convinced that silk production would be a promising business venture.[7] He planted 25 acres (10 ha) of mulberry trees in Florence in order to raise silkworms. Whitmarsh's company, the Northampton Silk Company, began manufacturing silk thread in 1837.[7] Due to economic recession and losing critical investors, Whitmarsh sold this business which was later purchased by the Northampton Association of Education and Industry.[7][6] Silk production would go on to be an important product in the Florence economy.

Northampton Association of Education and Industry (NAEI)

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Northampton Association of Education and Industry (NAEI) was founded in 1842. This utopian community drew upon the principles of Fourierism and mixed it with interests in radical abolitionism, temperance, manufacturing, and education.[8][9] Members of NAEI believed that the rights of all should be "equal without distinction of sex, color or condition, sect or religion."[10] The association was 1 of 3 utopian groups founded in Massachusetts before the Civil War.[11]

Notable residents

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Samuel L. Hill moved to Florence in 1841 to be one of the founders of the NAEI. Born in Smithfield, Rhode Island to Quaker parents, Hill had trained as a carpenter and was the superintendent of a cotton textile factory in Willimantic, Connecticut.[12] A member of the anti-slavery movement, Hill's home at 31-35 Maple Street in Florence served as a stop for the Underground Railroad. After the NAEI dissolved, Hill took over the factory and ran it as the Nonotuck Silk Company and was also a partner in other local factories. Hill and others founded the Free Congregational Society in 1863 and supported the construction of Cosmian Hall. A supporter of education, Hill organized the Florence Kindergarten in 1876. Upon his death in 1882, he left an endowment to support the kindergarten which later became the Hill Institute.[13][12]

Sojourner Truth, a former slave from the Hudson Valley in New York, moved to Florence in 1843 to become a member of the NAEI community.[11] After the community dissolved in 1846, she bought a house on Park Street where she lived until 1857. In Florence, Truth gave her first public lecture and developed her craft as a public speaker. She met Olive Gilbert within the NAEI community who would transcribe Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave.[14] NAEI introduced Truth to William Lloyd Garrison who connected her to the printer of The Liberator and Frederick Douglass's slave narrative.[15] Truth published her narrative in 1850 on credit with the same publisher.[16] A memorial statue was erected in her honor in Florence in 2002.

David Ruggles was an African American abolitionist, journalist, business owner, and a practitioner of hydropathy.[17] He was one of the founders of the New York Committee of Vigilance, an organization dedicated to protecting the rights and safety of African Americans in the 1830s.[18] By the early 1840s, Ruggles was struggling due to falling out with the New York Committee of Vigilance, the death of his father, protests in New England over segregated seating on trains, and his overall declining health rendered him almost blind.[19][20] On learning of his health and financial struggles, Lydia Maria Child and others arranged for him to join the NAEI community. As a member of the community, he sought out hydropathic treatments for his ailments under Dr. Robert Wesselhoeft in Cambridge. Ruggles began practicing hydropathy himself, and in 1845 he established a water cure hospital on the Mill River. Ruggles died in Florence in 1849 at the age of 39.

Charles Munde emigrated from Germany. He became familiar with the water cure methods of Vincent Priessnitz around 1836.[21] After the death of David Ruggles in 1849, Munde picked up where Ruggles left off and opened the Florence Water Cure, also called the Munde Water Cure.[22]

Underground Railroad

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Florence residents Samuel L. Hill, David Ruggles, Seth Hunt, Austin Ross, A.P. Critchlow, and Elisha Hammond have been identified as part of the Underground Railroad network working to free the enslaved.[23]

Manufacturing and industry

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The Nonotuck Silk Company later changed its name to the Corticelli Silk Company. It grew to be one of the world's largest producers of silk thread, made with raw silk imported from Japan. The company went out of business in 1930.

20th century

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Mirage Studios, the creative force behind the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comic books, was based out of a renovated factory space in Florence.[citation needed]

Florence was the filming location for the 1999 movie, In Dreams.

The Miss Florence Diner opened in 1941 and is a popular landmark on the National Register of Historic Places.[24] Coopers Corner opened in 1938.[25]

Recent history

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Many areas of Florence have undergone renovations in the recent past,[when?] with former factories now playing host to art studios and small retail stores.[citation needed]

Places of interest

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Historical

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Current

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  • Look Park is a 150-acre municipal park that is open year-round. Look Park is the largest park in Florence and greater Northampton, with a small water park, tennis courts, several play structures, paddle boats, a miniature golf course, a 1-mile loop miniature train, as well as covered picnic areas and pavilions.[26]
  • The Northampton Bikeway is a 2.5 mile multi-use trail from downtown Northampton to Florence, Look Park, and further west into the village of Leeds, Massachusetts.[27]
  • The Sojourner Truth Memorial Statue designed by Thomas Jay Warren at 121 Pine Street was completed in 2002.[28]
  • The David Ruggles Center for History and Education works to document anti-slavery and abolitionist history in the Connecticut River Valley.[citation needed]
  • Lilly Library was built in 1889 with funding from A.T. Lilly.[29]

References

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  1. ^ "Florence ZIP Code". zipdatamaps.com. 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  2. ^ Bruchac, Margeret (2004). "Native Presence in Nonotuck and Northampton.". In Buckley, Kerry W. (ed.). A Place Called Paradise: Culture and Community in Northampton, Massachusetts, 1654-2004. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 18.
  3. ^ Sheffeld, Charles Arthur (1894). The History of Florence, Massachusetts: Including a Complete Account of the Northampton Association of Education and Industry. The Editor. pp. 14 & 107.
  4. ^ Koleszar, Janice K. (1986). Florence, Massachusetts History 1895-1985. Florence Civic & Business Association. pp. xii.
  5. ^ "Obituary of Dr Erich Munde, son of Florence, Mass., founder, Dr Charles Munde" (PDF). The New York Times. February 28, 1914. Retrieved December 7, 2009. (From New York Times archive).
  6. ^ a b c Sheffield. The History of Florence, Massachusetts. p. 107.
  7. ^ a b c d Sinton, John (2018). Devil's Den to Lickingwater : The Mill River Through Landscape & History. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press. pp. 97–99. ISBN 9781945473654.
  8. ^ Hart, Amy (2021), "Demonstrating Racial Diversity within Community: The Northampton Association of Education and Industry", Fourierist Communities of Reform: The Social Networks of Nineteenth-Century Female Reformers, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 71–106, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68356-6_3, ISBN 978-3-030-68356-6, S2CID 237984904, retrieved December 5, 2022
  9. ^ Clark, Christopher (1995). The Communitarian Moment: The Radical Challenge of the Northampton Association. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 18. ISBN 9781558494169.
  10. ^ Breaking the Wave : Women, Their Organizations, and Feminism, 1945-1985. Kathleen A. Laughlin, Jacqueline L. Castledine. New York: Routledge. 2011. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-415-87397-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  11. ^ a b Calarco, Tom (2010). Places of the Underground Railroad: A Geographical Guide (1st ed.). Greenwood. ISBN 9780313381461.
  12. ^ a b Gay, W. B. (1886). Gazetteer of Hampshire County, Mass., 1654-1887. Syracuse, N.Y.: W. B. Gay & Co. pp. 354–355.
  13. ^ "About Hill Institute | Hill Institute". July 16, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2023.
  14. ^ Hart, Amy (2021), "Demonstrating Racial Diversity within Community: The Northampton Association of Education and Industry", Fourierist Communities of Reform, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 71–72, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68356-6_3, ISBN 978-3-030-68355-9, S2CID 237984904, retrieved December 6, 2022
  15. ^ Hart, Amy (2021), "Demonstrating Racial Diversity within Community: The Northampton Association of Education and Industry", Fourierist Communities of Reform, Cham: Springer International Publishing, p. 95, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68356-6_3, ISBN 978-3-030-68355-9, S2CID 237984904, retrieved December 6, 2022
  16. ^ Painter, Nell Irvin (1996). Sojourner Truth: A Life, A Symbol. W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 103–112.
  17. ^ Larsen, Julia (June 29, 2008). "David Ruggles (1810-1849)". BlackPast.org. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
  18. ^ "Nov. 20, 1835: New York Committee of Vigilance Founded". Zinn Education Project. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  19. ^ Laurie, Bruce (2014). "David Ruggles: Blind Man with a Vision". Rebels in Paradise : Sketches of Northampton Abolitionists. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 33–59.
  20. ^ Hodges, Graham Russell (2010). "Abolitionist and Physician". David Ruggles : A Radical Black Abolitionist and the Underground Railroad in New York City. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 155–197. ISBN 9780807895795.
  21. ^ "Hydriatics, or, Manual of the water cure : especially as practised by Vincent Priessnitz in Graefenberg / compiled and translated from the writings of Charles Munde, Dr. Oertel, Dr. Bernhard Hirschel, and other eye-witnesses and practitioners by Francis Graeter". Wellcome Collection. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  22. ^ Munde, Paul F. (1894). "The Munde Water Cure". The History of Florence, Massachusetts: Including a Complete Account of the Northampton Association of Education and Industry. Florence, MA: The Editor.
  23. ^ Marsh, Joseph (1895). "The Underground Railway". The history of Florence, Massachusetts : Including a Complete Account of the Northampton Association of Education and Industry. The Editor. pp. 165–167.
  24. ^ Cultrera, Larry (2011). Classic diners of Massachusetts. Charleston, SC. ISBN 978-1-62584-102-5. OCLC 880354693.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  25. ^ Clark, Jason A. (2013). Florence. Craig P. Della Penna. Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-0-7385-9841-3. OCLC 820781494.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  26. ^ "Look Park | Lookparg.org".
  27. ^ "Northampton Bikeway - Northampton | Trails.com". www.trails.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2019.
  28. ^ "Memorial Statue | Sojourner Truth Memorial Committee". sojournertruthmemorial.org. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
  29. ^ Kneeland, Frederick Newton (1894). Northampton, the meadow city; over two hundred and fifty illustrations. Northampton, Mass.: F. N. Kneeland and L. P. Bryant.

Further reading

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  Media related to Florence, Massachusetts at Wikimedia Commons

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