The Zamiaceae are a family of cycads that are superficially palm or fern-like. They are divided into two subfamilies with eight genera and about 150 species in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Australia and North and South America.
| Zamiaceae Temporal range:
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| Encephalartos lebomboensis | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Cycadophyta |
| Class: | Cycadopsida |
| Order: | Cycadales |
| Suborder: | Zamiineae |
| Family: | Zamiaceae Horan. |
| Genera | |
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See text | |
| Synonyms | |
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The Zamiaceae, sometimes known as zamiads, are perennial, evergreen, and dioecious. They have subterranean to tall and erect, usually unbranched, cylindrical stems, and stems clad with persistent leaf bases (in Australian genera).
Their leaves are simply pinnate, spirally arranged, and interspersed with cataphylls. The leaflets are sometimes dichotomously divided. The leaflets occur with several sub-parallel, dichotomously branching longitudinal veins; they lack a mid rib. Stomata occur either on both surfaces or undersurface only.
Their roots have small secondary roots. The coralloid roots develop at the base of the stem at or below the soil surface.
Male and female sporophylls are spirally aggregated into determinate cones that grow along the axis. Female sporophylls are simple, appearing peltate, with a barren stipe and an expanded and thickened lamina with 2 (rarely 3 or more) sessile ovules inserted on the inner (axis facing) surface and directed inward. The seeds are angular, with the inner coat hardened and the outer coat fleshy. They are often brightly colored, with 2 cotyledons.
One subfamily, the Encephalartoideae, is characterized by spirally arranged sporophylls (rather than spirally orthostichous), non-articulate leaflets and persistent leaf bases. It is represented in Australia, with two genera and 40 species.
As with all cycads, members of the Zamiaceae are poisonous, producing poisonous glycosides known as cycasins.
The former family Stangeriaceae (which contained Bowenia and Stangeria) has been shown to be nested within Zamiaceae by phylogenetic analysis.[1]
The family first began to diversify during the Cretaceous period.[2][3]
| Zamiaceae |
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Genera
edit- Dioon Lindl. (14 species)
- Macrozamia Miq. (42 species)
- Lepidozamia Lehm. (2 species)
- Encephalartos Lehm. (66 species)
- Bowenia Hook. ex Hook.f. (2 extant species)
- Ceratozamia Brongn. (27 species)
- Stangeria T.Moore (1 species)
- Zamia L.[4] (76 species)
- Microcycas (Miq.) A.DC. (1 species)
- †Eostangeria Barthel[5] (3 species, Cenozoic, Europe, North America)
- †Eobowenia (1 species, Early Cretaceous, Argentina)[6]
- †Wintucycas (2 species, Late Cretaceous-Paleocene, Argentina)[7]
- †Restrepophyllum (1 species, Early Cretaceous, Argentina)
- †Skyttegaardia (2 species Early Cretaceous, Denmark, Late Cretaceous, United States)[2]
Gallery
editReferences
edit- ^ Condamine, Fabien L; Nagalingum, Nathalie S; Marshall, Charles R; Morlon, Hélène (December 2015). "Origin and diversification of living cycads: a cautionary tale on the impact of the branching process prior in Bayesian molecular dating". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15 (1): 65. Bibcode:2015BMCEE..15...65C. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0347-8. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4449600. PMID 25884423.
- ^ a b Elgorriaga, Andres; Atkinson, Brian A. (2023-03-21). "Cretaceous pollen cone with three-dimensional preservation sheds light on the morphological evolution of cycads in deep time". New Phytologist. 238 (4): 1695–1710. doi:10.1111/nph.18852. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 36943236. S2CID 257639494.
- ^ Coiro, Mario; Seyfullah, Leyla Jean (2024-03-14). "Disparity of cycad leaves dispels the living fossil metaphor". Communications Biology. 7 (1): 328. doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06024-9. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 10940627. PMID 38485767.
- ^ Whitelock, Loran M. (2002). The Cycads. Timber Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-88192-522-7.
- ^ Uzunova, K.; Palamarev, E.; Kvacek, Z. (2002). "Eostangeria ruzinciniana (Zamiaceae) from the Middle Miocene of Bulgaria and its relationship to similar taxa of fossil Eostangeria, and extant Chigua and Stangeria (Cycadales)". Acta Palaeobotanica. 41 (2): 177–194.
- ^ Coiro, Mario; Pott, Christian (2017-04-07). "Eobowenia gen. nov. from the Early Cretaceous of Patagonia: indication for an early divergence of Bowenia?". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 97. Bibcode:2017BMCEE..17...97C. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0943-x. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5383990. PMID 28388891.
- ^ Martínez, L.C.A.; Ottone, E.G.; Artabe, A.E. (September 2018). "A new cycad trunk from the Palaeocene in the Neuquén Basin, Patagonia (Argentina)". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 256: 1–12. Bibcode:2018RPaPa.256....1M. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.05.006. hdl:11336/96006. S2CID 133628293.