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Economic liberalization

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Economic liberalization, or economic liberalisation, is the lessening of government regulations and restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater participation by private entities. In politics, the doctrine is associated with classical liberalism and neoliberalism. Liberalization in short is "the removal of controls" to encourage economic development.[1]

Many countries have pursued and followed the path of economic liberalization in the 1980s, 1990s and in the 21st century, with the stated goal of maintaining or increasing their competitiveness as business environments. Liberalization policies may or often include the partial or complete privatization of government institutions and state-owned assets, greater labour market flexibility, lower tax rates for businesses, less restrictions on both domestic and foreign capital, open markets, etc. In support of liberalization, former British prime minister Tony Blair wrote: "Success will go to those companies and countries which are swift to adapt, slow to complain, open and willing to change. The task of modern governments is to ensure that our countries can rise to this challenge."[2]

In developing countries, economic liberalization refers more to liberalization or further "opening up" of their respective economies to foreign capital and investments. Three of the fastest growing developing economies today; Brazil, China, and India, have achieved rapid economic growth in the past several years or decades, in part, from having liberalized their economies to foreign capital.[3]

Many countries nowadays, particularly those in the third world, arguably were given no choice but to "liberalize" their economies to remain competitive in attracting and retaining both their domestic and foreign investments. This is referred to as the TINA factor, standing for "there is no alternative". For example, in China after Cultural Revolution, reforms were introduced,.[4] Similarly, in the Philippines, the contentious proposals for Charter Change include amending the economically restrictive provisions of their 1987 constitution.[5]

By this measure, an opposite of a liberalized economy are economies such as North Korea's economy with their "self-sufficient" economic system that is closed to foreign trade and investment (see autarky). However, North Korea is not completely separate from the global economy, since it actively trades with China, through Dandong, a large border port and receives aid from other countries in exchange for peace and restrictions in their nuclear programme.[6][7] Another example would be oil-rich countries such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates[citation needed], which see no need to further open up their economies to foreign capital and investments since their oil reserves already provide them with huge export earnings.

Economic liberalization applies to domestic deregulation and trade liberalization such as free trade.

Potential benefits

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Liberalization offers the opportunity for the service sector to compete internationally, contributing to GDP growth and generating foreign exchange. As such, service exports are an important part of many developing countries' growth strategies. India's IT services have become globally competitive as many companies have outsourced certain administrative functions to countries where costs (esp. wages) are lower. Furthermore, if service providers in some developing economies are not competitive enough to succeed on world markets, overseas companies will be attracted to invest, bringing with them international "best practices" and better skills and technologies.[8] The entry of foreign service providers can be a positive as well as negative development. For example, it can lead to better services for domestic consumers, improve the performance and competitiveness of domestic service providers, as well as simply attract FDI/foreign capital into the country. In fact, some research suggest a 50% cut in service trade barriers over a five- to ten-year period would create global gains in economic welfare of around $250 billion per annum.[8]

Preferential trading areas can increase democratization when trading between with other democracies.[9]

Poverty reduction

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These paragraphs are an excerpt from Poverty reduction § Economic liberalization.[edit]
Proponents of economic liberalization have argued that it reduces poverty.[10] Other commentators have claimed that, due to economic liberalization, poverty in the world is rising rather than declining,[11] and the data provided by the World Bank, echoing that poverty is decreasing, is flawed.[12][13][14] They also argue that extending property rights protection to the poor is one of the most important poverty reduction strategies a nation can implement.[15] Securing property rights to land, the largest asset for most societies, is vital to their economic freedom.[15][16] The World Bank concludes that increasing land rights is 'the key to reducing poverty' citing that land rights greatly increase poor people's wealth, in some cases doubling it.[17] It is estimated that state recognition of the property of the poor would give them assets worth 40 times all the foreign aid since 1945.[15] Although approaches varied, the World Bank said the key issues were security of tenure and ensuring land transactions were low cost.[17] In China and India, noted reductions in poverty in recent decades have occurred mostly as a result of the abandonment of collective farming in China and the cutting of government red tape in India.[18]

Potential risks

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Trade liberalisation carries substantial risks that necessitate careful economic management through appropriate regulation by governments. Some argue foreign providers crowd out domestic providers and instead of leading to investment and the transfer of skills, it allows foreign providers and shareholders "to capture the profits for themselves, taking the money out of the country".[8] Thus, it is often argued that protection is needed to allow domestic companies the chance to develop before they are exposed to international competition. This is also supported by the anthropologist Trouillot who argues that the current market system is not a free market at all, but instead a privatized market (IE, markets can be 'bought'). Other potential risks resulting from liberalisation, include:

  • Risks of financial sector instability resulting from global contagion[8]
  • Risk of brain drain[8]
  • Risk of environmental degradation[8]
  • Risk of a debt spiral due to decreased tax revenue among other economic problems (oftentimes linked to IMF restructuring though the state government in Kansas is currently encountering this issue).[19]
  • Risk of increased inequality across race, ethnicity, or gender lines. For example, according to the anthropologist Lilu Abu-Lughod we see increased gender inequality in new markets as women lose labor opportunities that existed prior to market liberalization.

However, researchers at thinks tanks such as the Overseas Development Institute argue the risks are outweighed by the benefits and that what is needed is careful regulation.[8] For instance, there is a risk that private providers will 'skim off' the most profitable clients and cease to serve certain unprofitable groups of consumers or geographical areas. Yet such concerns could be addressed through regulation and by a universal service obligations in contracts, or in the licensing, to prevent such a situation from occurring. Of course, this bears the risk that this barrier to entry will dissuade international competitors from entering the market. Examples of such an approach include South Africa's Financial Sector Charter or Indian nurses who promoted the nursing profession within India itself, which has resulted in a rapid growth in demand for nursing education and a related supply response.[8]

Trade between autocracies and democracies can increase democratic backsliding.[20] Wandel durch Handel or "Change through trade" has been critized for indirectly financing autocratic regimes.[21]

By region

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Historical examples

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Chaudhary, C. M. (2008). India's economic policies. sublime publications. p. 131. ISBN 978-81-8192-121-5.
  2. ^ Tony Blair (2005). "Europe is Falling Behind". Newsweek. Retrieved 4 December 2007.
  3. ^ Zuliu Hu, Mohsin S. Khan. "Why Is China Growing So Fast?". International Monetary Fund.
  4. ^ Gorbachev, Deng to meet on rough roads to reform
  5. ^ "Philippines : Gov.Ph : About the Philippines". Archived from the original (ASP) on 3 October 2006.
  6. ^ "A photo journey through China's lesser known cities". www.nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic. 24 May 2018. Archived from the original on 24 May 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  7. ^ "China: Tyranny Tourism Thrives at North Korea's Border". Time. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Massimiliano Cali, Karen Ellis and Dirk Willem te Velde (2008) The contribution of services to development: The role of regulation and trade liberalisation Archived 30 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine London: Overseas Development Institute
  9. ^ Manger, Mark S.; Pickup, Mark A. (1 February 2016). "The Coevolution of Trade Agreement Networks and Democracy". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 60 (1): 164–191. doi:10.1177/0022002714535431. ISSN 0022-0027. S2CID 154493227.
  10. ^ Nations, United (1 November 2010). "Economic liberalization and poverty reduction". Report on the World Social Situation 2010. pp. 97–113. doi:10.18356/0875e84f-en. ISBN 9789210545693. Retrieved 25 September 2022 – via www.un-ilibrary.org.
  11. ^ "Global inequality may be much worse than we think", The Guardian, 8 April 2016
  12. ^ Edward, Peter (2006). "The Ethical Poverty Line: a moral quantification of absolute poverty" (PDF). Third World Quarterly. 27 (2): 377–393. doi:10.1080/01436590500432739. S2CID 154522588. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2016.
  13. ^ "World bank poverty figures: what do they mean?". Share The World's Resources (STWR).
  14. ^ Shaikh, Anwar. "Globalization and the Myth of free Trade" (PDF). Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  15. ^ a b c "Ending Mass Poverty" by Ian Vásquez, Cato Institute, 4 September 2001
  16. ^ EDT, Fareed Zakaria (19 September 2008). "Zakaria: How to Spread Democracy". Newsweek. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  17. ^ a b "Business – Land rights 'help fight poverty'". BBC News. 20 June 2003.
  18. ^ "Can aid bring an end to poverty?". BBC News: Africa. 4 October 2006.
  19. ^ https://news.yahoo.com/kansas-tax-collections-short-expectations-january-222746060.html [dead link‍]
  20. ^ Pronin, Pavel (2020). "International Trade And Democracy: How Trade Partners Affect Regime Change And Persistence". SSRN Electronic Journal. Elsevier BV. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3717614. ISSN 1556-5068.
  21. ^ Strupczewski, Jan (21 April 2022). "Ukraine war shows 'end of globalisation as we know it' - EU's Gentiloni". Reuters. Retrieved 6 May 2022.

Sources

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