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Diroximel fumarate

Diroximel fumarate, sold under the brand name Vumerity, is a medication used for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS).[3][5][6] It acts as an immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory drug. Its most common adverse effects are flushing and gastrointestinal problems.[7]

Diroximel fumarate
Clinical data
Trade namesVumerity
Other namesALKS-8700
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa620002
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein bindingMonomethyl fumarate (MMF): 27–45%
MetabolismEsterases, citric acid cycle
MetabolitesMMF (active), hydroxyethyl succinimide (HES, inactive), CO2 (inactive)
Elimination half-life1 hour
ExcretionMMF: 60% lung, 15.5% urine (?), 0.9% faeces
HES: 58–63% urine
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC11H13NO6
Molar mass255.226 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • COC(=O)C=CC(=O)OCCN1C(=O)CCC1=O
  • InChI=1S/C11H13NO6/c1-17-10(15)4-5-11(16)18-7-6-12-8(13)2-3-9(12)14/h4-5H,2-3,6-7H2,1H3/b5-4+
  • Key:YIMYDTCOUQIDMT-SNAWJCMRSA-N

Diroximel fumarate was approved for medical use in the United States in October 2019,[8] and in the European Union in November 2021.[4]

Medical uses

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Diroximel fumarate is used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.[7] In the US, it is additionally approved for other relapsing forms of MS such as clinically isolated syndrome and active secondary progressive disease.[9]

Available forms

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The drug is available as a white delayed-release capsule that is resistant to gastric acid and only dissolves in the intestine.[7][10]

Contraindications

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Under the European Union's label, the drug is contraindicated in people with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML),[7] a disease of the brain caused by a virus. In the US, combination with the closely related drug dimethyl fumarate is contraindicated.[9]

Side effects

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No systematic studies of adverse effects under diroximel fumarate are available. The most common side effects in studies with dimethyl fumarate were flushing (in 34% of patients treated with the drug, versus 5% in the placebo group) and gastrointestinal effects such as diarrhoea (14% versus 10%), nausea (12% versus 9%), abdominal pain (9% versus 4%), vomiting (8% versus 5%), and indigestion (5% versus 3%). Three percent of patients stopped the treatment because of flushing, 4% because of gastrointestinal side effects. A rare but potentially fatal adverse effect may be PML, which has been observed under treatment with dimethyl fumarate.[7]

Overdose

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No specific antidote is known. Adverse effects caused by overdosing diroximel fumarate are treated symptomatically.[7]

Interactions

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Diroximel fumarate does not interact with cytochrome P450 enzymes or P-glycoprotein. Its active metabolite, monomethyl fumarate, has a relatively low plasma protein binding of 27 to 45%. Therefore, its potential for pharmacokinetic interactions is considered to be low.[7][9]

Inactivated vaccines can be given under diroximel fumarate therapy, based on experience with other immunosuppressant drugs, such as studies with tetanus, pneumococcal and meningococcal vaccines. No studies regarding the effectiveness of these vaccines under diroximel fumarate have been conducted. No data are available regarding combination with live vaccines, chemotherapy or immunosuppressants. Nephrotoxicity could be increased when the drug is combined with aminoglycoside antibiotics, diuretics, NSAIDs or lithium.[7][9]

Pharmacology

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Mechanism of action

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The drug's mechanism of action is not well understood. In preclinical studies it activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a transcription factor that is up-regulated under oxidative stress.[9]

Pharmacokinetics

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Monomethyl fumarate (MMF), the active metabolite
 
Hydroxyethyl succinimide (HES), the primary inactive metabolite

The pharmacokinetics of diroximel fumarate has been found to be practically identical to that of dimethyl fumarate. Both are prodrugs of monomethyl fumarate.[7][9]

Taking the drug with a high-calorie, high-fat meal slows down absorption, but has no relevant effect on overall absorption. The US label recommends not taking the drug together with high-calorie and high-fat meals.[9]

After ingestion, the substance is cleaved by esterase enzymes before reaching the systemic circulation, resulting in monomethyl fumarate (MMF), the active metabolite, and hydroxyethyl succinimide (HES), which is inactive. Diroximel fumarate itself is not present in the bloodstream. MMF reaches highest concentrations in the blood plasma 2.5 to 3 hours after ingestion.[7] When in the bloodstream, 27 to 45% are bound to plasma proteins.[9]

MMF is further metabolized to fumarate, citrate and glucose, ultimately entering the citric acid cycle and being broken down to carbon dioxide (CO2). About 60% of the substance leave the body as CO2 via the lungs, 15.5% are eliminated with the urine (according to another source, less than 0.3%[9]), and 0.9% are eliminated with the faeces. The terminal half-life is one hour.[7]

HES is eliminated mainly with the urine (58 to 63%).[9]

Chemistry

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The substance is a white to off-white powder. It is slightly soluble in water; that is, its solubility is between 1:100 and 1:1000.[10] The molecule is achiral. The double bond of the fumarate moiety has E configuration.

History

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This drug was formulated by Alkermes in collaboration with Biogen.[11]

Society and culture

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Diroximel fumarate was approved for medical use in the United States in October 2019.[8]

In September 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Vumerity, intended for the treatment of adults with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis.[12] The applicant for this medicinal product is Biogen Netherlands B.V.[12] Diroximel fumarate was approved for medical use in the European Union in November 2021.[4][13]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Vumerity APMDS". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 4 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  2. ^ "Updates to the Prescribing Medicines in Pregnancy database". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 December 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  3. ^ a b "Vumerity- diroximel fumarate capsule". DailyMed. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  4. ^ a b c "Vumerity EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 14 September 2021. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  5. ^ Wang Y, Bhargava P (July 2020). "Diroximel fumarate to treat multiple sclerosis". Drugs of Today. 56 (7): 431–437. doi:10.1358/dot.2020.56.7.3151521. PMID 32648853. S2CID 220471534.
  6. ^ Kourakis S, Timpani CA, de Haan JB, Gueven N, Fischer D, Rybalka E (October 2020). "Dimethyl Fumarate and Its Esters: A Drug with Broad Clinical Utility?". Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland). 13 (10): 306. doi:10.3390/ph13100306. PMC 7602023. PMID 33066228.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Vumerity: EPAR – Product information" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 5 April 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  8. ^ a b "Drug Approval Package: Vumerity". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 21 April 2020. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Diroximel Fumarate Monograph on Drugs.com. Accessed 28 April 2022.
  10. ^ a b "Vumerity". RxList. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  11. ^ DrugBank DB14783 . Accessed 28 April 2022.
  12. ^ a b "Vumerity: Pending EC decision". European Medicines Agency. 15 September 2021. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  13. ^ "Vumerity Product information". Union Register of medicinal products. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
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