A corrective colony (Russian: исправительная колония, romanized: ispravitelnaya koloniya, abbr. ИК/IK) is the most common type of prison in Russia and some other post-Soviet states.[further explanation needed] Such colonies combine penal detention with compulsory work (penal labor).[1][2] The system of labor colonies and camps originated in 1929,[3][4][5] and after 1953, the corrective penal colonies in the Soviet Union developed as a post-Stalin replacement of the Gulag labor camp system.
Soviet Union
editIn the Soviet Union, the labor colonies were governed by the Corrective Labor Law (Исправительно-Трудовой Кодекс).
The Corrective labor Law of 1933 defined different types of labor colonies (Фабрично-заводские и сельскохозяйственные исправительно-трудовые колонии, Исправительно-трудовые колонии массовых работ, Штрафные исправительно-трудовые колонии).[6]
In the late Soviet Union, the labor colonies were governed by Article 11 of the Corrective Labor Law and were intended for adult (16 years and over) convicts. The colonies were classified according to the regimen of severity: ordinary, reinforced, strict, and special regimens (колонии общего, усиленного, строгого, особого режимов), as well as the "colony-settlements" (колонии-поселения). Only ordinary and strict regimens (and colony-settlements) were provided for female convicts.[1][2]
"Colony-settlements" were establishments introduced in 1960s for convicts with good behavior who served at least half of the term for those eligible for parole and who served two thirds of the term and not eligible for parole. The inmates live without guard but under observation and may move relatively freely and have family.[7]
Russia
editOf the four types of facilities of prisons in Russia, the corrective colony (ispravitelnie kolonii or IK) is the most common, with 760 institutions in 2004 across the many administrative divisions of Russia.[8] In 2012, the Russian Federal Penitentiary Service reported that 585,000 prisoners were serving sentences at penal colonies, more than the 260,000 prisoners held in detention centers.[9]
Corrective colony regimes are categorized as very strict/special, strict, general, and open.[8] The detachment (отряд or otryad) is the basic unit of the prison.[10] When not in the detachment, prisoners are required to participate in penal labor, which is in the form of work brigades in colony production zones where prisoners earn a wage of which most is paid to the colony for their upkeep.[10]
The detachment is largely self-organized, with the prison administration designating the "head monitor" with the job of keeping order and to liaise with the prison administration, and is supported by various prisoners' committees responsible for health and safety, cleanliness, energy saving, and also psychological counselling.[10] Female detachments organize cultural and social activities, including annual beauty pageants (called by such names as "Miss Colony" and "Miss Personality").[10]
The conditions of prisons have been criticized by former prisoners and human rights activists.[9]
Examples
edit- Corrective colony No. 2, Vladimir Oblast (IK-2)
- Corrective colony No. 2, Mordovia, women's corrective colony, Yavas
- White Swan (prison) (ФКУ ИК-2) Solikamsk, Perm Krai
- FKU IK-3, Kharp
- Lgov Prison, IK-3, Lgov, Kursk Oblast
- Corrective colony No. 5, Vologda Oblast (IK-5/ "Vologda Fiver", situated on Ognenny Ostrov)
- Corrective colony No. 6, Vladimir Oblast (IK-6 Melekhovo/ Melekhovo correctional colony)
- Corrective colony No. 6, Khabarovsk Krai "Snowflake"
- Corrective colony No. 11, Mordovia, (ФКУ ИК-11) men's corrective colony, Yavas
- Corrective colony No. 13, Sverdlovsk Oblast "Red Duck"
- Corrective colony No. 56, Sverdlovsk Oblast "Black Berkut" (Black Asian golden eagle)
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b Encyclopedia of Soviet Law (1985) ISBN 90-247-3075-9, section "Penitentiary Institutions"
- ^ a b "Исправительно-трудовая колония article" [Corrective labor colony]. Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian). Retrieved 26 December 2023.
- ^ "Исправительно-трудовая колония (ИТК)" [Corrective labor colony]. pmem.ru. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
- ^ Utechin, S. V. (1961). "Corrective Labour Colonies". A Concise Encyclopaedia of Russia. Part 146 of Dutton paperback. E.P. Dutton & Company. p. 136. Retrieved 2015-07-20.
Corrective Labour Colonies, one of the main types of detention place since 1929.
- ^ 11 июля 1929 г.: постановление Совета народных комиссаров СССР «Об использовании труда уголовно-заключенных» [Act of the Soviet of Peoples' Commissars of the USSR "Concerning the use of the labor of criminal prisoners", 11 July 1929] ( (wikisource))
- ^ s:ru:Исправительно-Трудовой Кодекс РСФСР (1933) (tr. "Corrective-Labor Code of the RSFSR (1933)")
- ^ "Колония-поселение" [Colony-settlement article]. Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian). Retrieved 26 December 2023.
- ^ a b Roth 2006, p. 231.
- ^ a b Olga Kapustina (2 October 2013). "Stalin's legacy (regarding Everyday life in a Russian penal colony)". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
- ^ a b c d Pallot, Judith (23 October 2012). "How will the Pussy Riot band members fare in Russia's 'harshest prisons'?". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
Works cited
edit- Roth, Mitchel P. (2006). Prisons And Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 230–232. ISBN 0-313-32856-0.