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Comparison of video container formats

These tables compare features of multimedia container formats, most often used for storing or streaming digital video or digital audio content. To see which multimedia players support which container format, look at comparison of media players.

General information

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Containers related by derivation

In many ways, derived containers are similar to those on which they are based, sometimes extending them, sometimes limiting their capabilities.

General information about video container formats
Format Filename extension Owner or creator Initial release License[a] VBR audio VFR Hardware players Streaming[A] Metadata[B] Chapters
Matroska .mkv, .mk3d[C] CoreCodec[D] 2002-12 Freely licensed[E] Yes[F] Yes[F] Yes[G] Yes[H] Yes[12] Yes[13]
MPEG-4 Part 14 (MP4) .mp4, .m4v[I] MPEG 2001-10 Patent encumbered[14] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Not standard[J]
QuickTime File Format (QTFF) .mov, .qt Apple Inc. 1991-12 Proprietary[17] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Advanced Systems Format (ASF) .asf, .wmv[K] Microsoft 1996-09 Royalties on codecs[L] Yes Yes Yes Yes[19] Yes Yes
Audio Video Interleave (AVI) .avi Microsoft 1992-11 Proprietary[20] Yes[M] Yes[N] Yes No Yes Needs alterations
Material Exchange Format (MXF) .mxf SMPTE 2004-09 Patent-free[21] Yes Yes No Yes[21] Yes No
MPEG program stream (PS) .m2p, .ps[O] MPEG 1993-08 Patent-free[22] Yes Yes[P] Yes No No No
MPEG transport stream (TS) .ts, .tsv[Q][O] MPEG 1995-07 Patent-free[22] Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
BDAV MPEG-2 transport stream (M2TS) .m2ts, .mts BDA 2004-08 Patent encumbered Yes Yes Yes With DVB[24] Needs multiple files[R] Needs multiple files[S]
Video Object (VOB) .vob DVD Forum 1996-11 Patent encumbered Yes Yes Yes No No Needs multiple files[T]
Enhanced VOB (EVO) .evo DVD Forum 2006-03 Patent encumbered[25] Yes Yes Yes No No Needs multiple files[U]
3GPP (3GP) .3gp 3GPP 2003-04 Patent encumbered Yes Yes Yes Yes[27] Yes No
3GPP2 (3G2) .3g2 3GPP2 2004-01 Patent encumbered Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Flash Video (F4V) .f4v[V] Adobe Inc. 2007-12 Patent encumbered Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[28]
Flash Video (FLV) .flv Adobe Inc. 2003-09 Proprietary[29] Yes[W] Yes Yes With RTMP Yes Yes[28]
Ogg .ogv, .ogx[X] Xiph.Org 2003-05 Open source[34] Yes Yes Yes Yes[35] Yes[36] As Vorbis comments[Y]
WebM .webm Google 2010-05 Royalty-free[38] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[39] Yes[39]
RealMedia Variable Bitrate (RMVB) .rmvb RealNetworks 2003 Proprietary Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[40] No
DivX Media Format (DMF) .divx DivX, Inc. 2005-06 Proprietary Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Support level legend:  Full   Indirect, lossless   Partial   Depends on setup   None 

  1. ^ Indicates if the container can be used for a container bitstream, for example, for use as an RTP payload format. Some technologies, such as WebRTC, do not use any container formats for streaming. Some use fragmented MP4 (fMP4) or MPEG-TS segment files, such as HLS and MPEG-DASH.[2]
  2. ^ Tags.
  3. ^ Also .mka for content that is primarily audio or .mks for subtitles only.[3]
  4. ^ Although CoreCodec, Inc. holds the copyrights and trademarks for the Matroska specification, the specifications are open to everybody. The source code of the libraries developed by the Matroska team is licensed under the LGPL and BSD licenses.
  5. ^ Anyone can use it or modify it for their own needs without paying any license or patents.[4][5]
  6. ^ a b Matroska is designed to store VBR and VFR content.[6]
  7. ^ Companies producing Matroska-supporting hardware include Asus,[7] OPPO Digital,[8] Samsung,[9] and LG[10]
  8. ^ Matroska can be streamed over HTTP and RTP/RTSP, through it is not meant to be streamed over RTP, as the two have duplicate features.[11]
  9. ^ Also .m4a, .m4b or .m4p for audio-only content.
  10. ^ There are two popular representations: text track (QuickTime), and userdata atom (Nero).[15][16]
  11. ^ Also .wma for audio-only content.
  12. ^ License required from manufacturers or developers of codecs, but no license fees for the distribution of content.[18]
  13. ^ ACM cannot handle VBR audio streams in AVI files. Thus, software using ACM to read audio from AVI files will not be able to handle VBR audio streams correctly, even though such files are compliant to the AVI file specification. This is a limitation of the ACM, not of the AVI file format.
  14. ^ Although AVI is not designed for variable framerates, it is possible to use them without creating a non-standard file by using 0-byte chunks for skipped frames. However, it requires the framerate to be set to the least common multiple of all framerates used, and produces slight overhead compared to true VFR.
  15. ^ a b The following extensions are also often used for an MPEG program or a transport stream: .mpg, .mpeg, .mpv, .m1v; also .mpa, .mp3, .mp2, .mp1, .m2a or .m1a for audio-only content.
  16. ^ MPEG-2 Part 1 specification,[23] p. 64, sec. 2.6.3.
  17. ^ Also .tsa for audio-only content.
  18. ^ Blu-ray adopts a specific file structure. Simple title metadata are stored in the /BMDV/index.bdmv file.
  19. ^ Blu-ray adopts a specific file structure. Chapters require a companion .mpls file in the /BDMV/PLAYLIST/ directory.
  20. ^ VOB adopts a specific file structure to encode DVD content. Chapters and menus require a companion .ifo file.
  21. ^ EVO adopts a specific file structure to encode HD DVD content. Chapters require companion .xpl file.[26]
  22. ^ Also .f4a, .f4b and .f4p for audio-only content.
  23. ^ Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[30] p. 1. SWF File Format Specification,[31] p. 188.
  24. ^ Also .oga, .ogg or .opus for audio-only content.[32][33]
  25. ^ Chapters stored as Vorbis comments[37] are well supported by common tools such as FFmpeg and VLC.

Some features are only supported by a few containers:

  • Attachments (additional files, such as fonts for subtitles) are only supported in Matroska,[41] MP4 and QTFF. M2TS supports attachments as multiple files in a specific file structure: fonts for subtitles are in .otf files in the /BDMV/AUXDATA/ directory.
  • Interactive menus are only supported in MP4, QTFF, M2TS, EVO and DMF. VOB supports interactive menus as multiple files in a specific file structure for encoding DVD content, requiring a companion .ifo file. Matroska has been planning to support interactive menus as part of a draft specification since 2004.[42]
  • Digital 3D is only supported at the container format level in Matroska,[41] MXF[43] and WebM (some stereo modes).[39] M2TS supports Digital 3D as multiple files in a specific file structure for encoding stereoscopic video: MVC stereoscopic data is in .ssif files in the /BDMV/STREAM/SSIF/ directory and require a respective base .m2ts file. Digital 3D in QTFF and ASF is possible, but not standard. MP4 only supports Digital 3D at the video format level.[44]

Some common multimedia file formats are not completely distinct container formats. Some are containers for specific audio and video coding formats, such as WebM, a subset of Matroska. Some are combinations of common container formats and audio and video coding profiles, such as AVCHD and DivX formats. Although sometimes compared to DivX products, Xvid is neither a container format nor a video format, it is a software library that encodes video using specific coding profiles of the common MPEG-4 ASP video format. Those types of restrictions are intended to simplify the construction of multimedia recorders and players.

Video coding formats support

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See also: Comparison of video codecs
Video container support for video coding formats
Format Type Initial release License[a] MKV MP4[45] QTFF[b] ASF[47] AVI[c] MXF PS, TS[I] 3GP, 3G2
MPEG-H HEVC (H.265) Lossy or lossless 2013-06 Patent encumbered[52] Yes[II] Yes Yes[55] Yes Yes Yes[56] Yes Yes
MPEG-4 AVC (H.264) Lossy or lossless 2004-08 Patent encumbered[57] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[III] Yes Yes[58] Yes
AV1 Lossy or lossless 2018-03 Patent claims Beta[59] Yes No No No No Planned No
VP9 Lossy or lossless 2013-06 Patent claims Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No
VP8 Lossy or lossless 2008-09 Patent claims Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No
Dirac Lossy or lossless 2008-03 Patent-free[60] VCM[d] No Yes No Needs Dirac[61] No Private No
MVC Stereoscopic 2009-05 Patent encumbered Yes[41] No No No No No[IV][V] No Yes
MPEG-1 Video Lossy 1993-08 Expired patents[64][65] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
MPEG-2 Video Lossy 1996-05 Expired patents Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
MPEG-4 Visual Lossy 1999-12 Patent encumbered[66] Yes Yes First edition Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Microsoft MPEG4 V2 Lossy 2003 Patent encumbered, proprietary Yes Not standard Not standard Yes Yes No No No
VC-1 Lossy 2006-02 Patent encumbered[67] VCM[d] Yes[68] Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
H.263 Lossy 1996-03 Patent encumbered[66] No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes
Theora Lossy 2004-06 Free license[69] Yes No No No Needs ffdshow No No No
Cinepak Lossy 1991 Proprietary Yes No Yes No Yes No No No
Sorenson Lossy 1998-03 Proprietary Yes No Versions 1 and 3 No Version 1 No No No
RealVideo Lossy 1997-02 Proprietary RV10, RV20, RV30, RV40 RV60 No No Not standard No No No
VP6 Lossy 2003-05 Proprietary No No No No Needs VP6[70][71] No No No
DV Intra-frame 1995 Proprietary VCM[d] DVCPRO HD DV 25 Yes Yes Yes[73][VI] No No
M-JPEG Intra-frame 1994-05 Expired patents[74] VCM[d] Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No
MJ2 Intra-frame 2003-12 Patent encumbered[75] No Yes No No Not standard Yes No No
Apple ProRes Intra-frame 2007-04 Proprietary No No Yes[76] No No Yes[76] No No
HuffYUV Lossless 2000 Open source VCM[d] No No No Needs HuffYUV[77] No No No
YCbCr[VII] Not compressed 1982 Patent-free Yes SheerVideo Yes Yes Yes Yes[78] No No
Other Other — Varies — — DVC Pro 50, Photo JPEG, Graphics, QuickTime Animation — Indeo — JPEG 2000, TICO —

Support level legend:  Full   Indirect, lossless   Partial   Depends on setup   None 

  1. ^ See the MPEG-2 Part 1 specification[23] and registered TS identifiers.[51]
  2. ^ HEVC is mentioned in the latest (07) draft of Matroska,[53] MKVToolNix and VLC already support it.[54]
  3. ^ B-frames in an AVI file are a problem only for the ancient Video-for-Windows API, not for the AVI container itself.
  4. ^ MVC is not covered by the latest iteration of the MXF standards.[62]
  5. ^ MPEG, MXF, and SMPTE 381M,[63] pp. 201-219.
  6. ^ DV, DVC Pro, and DVCam in MXF,[63] pp. 166-172.
  7. ^ The digital YCbCr format is often informally called YUV, the analog format used as basis for it.

Some containers only support a restricted set of video formats:

Audio coding formats support

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See also: Comparison of audio coding formats
Video container support for audio coding formats
Format Type Initial release License[a] MKV MP4[45] QTFF[b] ASF[47] AVI[c] MXF PS, TS[51] 3GP 3G2
AAC Lossy 1997-12 Royalties on codecs[α] Yes Yes Yes AAC-LC, HE-AAC[86] AAC-LC, HE-AAC[β][86] Yes Private AAC-LC, HE-AAC AAC-LC, HE-AAC v1
MP3 Lossy 1991-12 Expired patents[87] Yes Yes MPEG-1 Audio Yes Yes[β] Yes Yes No No
AC-3 Lossy 1991-02 Expired patents Yes Yes[90] Yes Yes Yes Yes Private No No
E-AC-3 Lossy 2005-02 Patent encumbered QuickTime[γ] Yes Yes Yes No No No No No
DTS Lossy 1993-06 Proprietary Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Private No No
WMA Lossy 1999-08 Proprietary[91] ACM[d] No No Yes Yes No No No No
Opus Lossy 2012-09 Royalty-free Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No
Vorbis Lossy 2000-05 Open source[92] Yes Private No No Tricky[δ] No No No No
MP2 Lossy 1991-12 Patent-free[ε] Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
MP1 Lossy 1991-12 Expired patents Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
QDesign Music 1 and 2 Lossy 1998 Proprietary QuickTime[γ] No Yes No No No No No No
ATRAC3 Lossy 2000-09 Proprietary Yes No No No No No No No No
FLAC Lossless 2001-07 Open source Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No No
ALAC Lossless 2004-04 Open source Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No
WMA Lossless Lossless 2003-01 Proprietary[96] ACM[d] No No Yes Yes No No No No
DTS-HD Lossless 2011-08 Proprietary Yes Yes[45] Yes No No No No No No
Dolby TrueHD Lossless 2006-04 Proprietary Mature[ζ] Yes No No No No No No No
MLP Lossless 1999-03 Proprietary No Yes[45] No No No No Private No No
ALS Lossless 2006-03 Patent encumbered No Yes No No No No Yes No No
SLS Lossless 2006-06 Patent encumbered No Yes No No No No Yes No No
LPCM Not compressed 1979 Patent-free[97] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Private No No
A-law PCM Not compressed 1972-12 Expired patents[98] ACM[d] No Yes No Yes Yes No No No
μ-law PCM Not compressed 1972-12 Expired patents[98] ACM[d] No Yes Yes Yes No No No No
IEEE floating-point PCM Not compressed ≥1985 Patent-free[η] Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No No
Microsoft ADPCM Not compressed 1992-05 Proprietary ACM[d] No Yes Yes[47] Yes No No No No
DV Audio Not compressed 1995 Proprietary No Yes Yes No No Yes[73] No No No
AMR Speech 1999-06 Patent encumbered No Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes AMR-NB, AMR-WB
G.728 Speech 1992-09 Expired patents No No No No Yes No No No No
Speex Speech 2003-03 Open source[99] ACM[d] No No No No No No No No
QCELP Speech 1994 Proprietary No No Yes Yes No No No No 13K
Other Other — Varies Musepack, WavPack, TTA, any format supported by ACM — IMA 4:1, non-IEEE floating-point PCM, integer PCM Microsoft GSM 6.10 G.721, G.722, G.723, G.726, G.729a, CVSD, ATRAC1, Dolby AC-2 — — EVS EVRC, EVRC-B, EVRC-WB, SMV, VMR-WB
Obsolete Other — Varies — — MACE 3:1, MACE 6:1 — Truespeech, many others — — — —

Support level legend:  Full   Indirect, lossless   Partial   Depends on setup   None 

  1. ^ License required from manufacturers or developers of codecs, but no license fees for the distribution of content.[85]
  2. ^ a b Setting dwSampleSize to 0 in the stream headers triggers VBR stream seeking[88] allowing VBR audio formats in AVI.[89]
  3. ^ a b Matroska can support some codecs privately when wrapped in a QuickTime data structure.[72]
  4. ^ Vorbis is not officially supported in AVI. While it can technically be muxed into AVI using FFmpeg, Nandub and AVI-Mux GUI[93] many sources report trouble playing back the resulting files,[94] which are incompatible with existing Vorbis decoders for DirectShow and ACM, occasionally causing desynchronization when seeking.
  5. ^ Proprietary tools.[95]
  6. ^ Dolby TrueHD is supported by common tools such as MKVToolNix and VLC.
  7. ^ Special case of LPCM.[97]

Some containers only support a restricted set of audio formats:

Audio-only content can sometimes be placed in a simpler audio-only container, such as Native FLAC for FLAC[103] and ADTS for AAC.

Subtitle formats support

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See also: Subtitles § Subtitle formats
Video container support for subtitle formats
Format Type Initial release License[a] MKV[104] MP4 QTFF[b] ASF[47] AVI[i] MXF[ii] PS, TS[51] 3GP, 3G2
SubRip[iii] Formatted text 2000-03 Open source Yes[110] As TTXT[111] As TTXT[111] As SAMI[iv] Needs alterations[93] As SMPTE-TT No As TTXT[111]
WebVTT Formatted text 2010-08 Open source Yes[112] Yes[113] As TTXT[111] No No As SMPTE-TT No As TTXT[111]
ASS, SSA Formatted text 1996 Open source Yes[114] No No No Needs alterations[93] As SMPTE-TT No No
TTXT[v] XML 2006-04 Patent encumbered No[vi] Yes Yes[46] No No No No Yes
USF XML 2002-11 Proprietary Planned No No No Needs alterations No No No
SAMI HTML 1998-06 Proprietary No No No Yes Needs alterations As SMPTE-TT No No
VobSub Picture 2001 Patent encumbered Mature[vii] Yes Not standard No Needs alterations No No No
PGS[viii] Picture 2006-03 Patent encumbered Mature[vii] As VobSub[ix] No No No No No No
DVB-SUB[117] Picture 1997-09 Patent encumbered Mature[vii] No No No No Yes[118] Yes No
Ogg Kate[119] Picture or formatted text 2008-03 Open source Mature[vii] No No No No No No No
TextST[viii] Text stream 2006-03 Patent encumbered Beta No No No No No No No
MicroDVD Plain text 2000-03 Proprietary No No No No Needs alterations No No No
Other Other — Varies Generic bitmap images, generic plain text[53] BIFS Quicktime SMIL, EIA-608, CTA-708 — XSUB[x] SMPTE-TT, EBU-TT[107][122] CTA-708 —

Support level legend:  Full   Indirect, lossless   Partial, lossy   Depends on setup   None 

  1. ^ AVI is not designed to embed subtitles, requiring changes to the format and third party tools such as DirectVobSub[105] and VLC.
  2. ^ SMPTE standardized the format for text subtitles in MXF[106][107][108] without a reference software implementation, leaving it to independent developers.[109]
  3. ^ SubRip can be converted losslessly to and from native subtitle formats of several containers, and this conversion is supported by many common tools.
  4. ^ Requires tools that are not officially related to the container format.[109]
  5. ^ TTXT is often called MPEG-4 Timed Text (MP4TT, MP4-TT) or 3GPP Timed Text (3GPP-TT, tx3g).
  6. ^ MPEG-4 Timed Text subtitles aren't supported in Matroska according to developer of MKVToolNix.[115]
  7. ^ a b c d VobSub, PGS, DVB-SUB and Ogg Kate are well supported by common tools such as MKVToolNix and VLC. The storage format is specified,[53] but the specification is not officially approved yet.
  8. ^ a b HDMV PGS and TextST subtitles are used on HD DVD and Blu-ray.
  9. ^ Requires tools that are not officially related to the container format.[116]
  10. ^ Needs alterations to the container.[120][121]

Some containers only support a restricted set of subtitle formats:

  • DMF only supports XSUB.
  • EVO only supports HD DVD PGS.
  • F4V only supports TTXT. SubRip and WebVTT can be converted losslessly to TTXT.[111]
  • FLV only supports loading subtitles with ActionScript,[123] but this functionality may be restricted to the official Adobe Flash Player. WebVTT can be converted losslessly to ActionScript.
  • M2TS only supports Blu-ray PGS. VobSub can be partially converted to PGS using tools that are not officially related to the container format.[116]
  • Ogg only supports Ogg Kate and CMML.[f] SubRip can be converted losslessly to Ogg Kate.[124] Ogg Writ[125] is well supported in Ogg in common tools such as OGMtools[101] and VLC, but there's no intention to turn its draft into a fully supported specification. Xiph recommends using Kate for subtitles.[126] MicroDVD can be converted to Ogg Writ.
  • RMVB only supports RealText. SMIL can be partially converted to RealText.
  • VOB only supports VobSub. PGS can be partially converted to VobSub using tools that are not officially related to the container format.[116]
  • WebM only supports WebVTT.[39] SubRip can be converted losslessly to WebVTT.

Converting image subtitles to text formats is possible using third-party tools[127] but relies on optical character recognition, which is not perfectly accurate and can at best extract basic formatting. Conversion of text to images is possible while preserving content and style. Round-trip format conversion between text formats may not be possible without losing some formatting features.

Overhead

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Multimedia containers interleave data in media streams to enable efficient playback using fewer computational resources, such as time spent reading from the storage drive, memory needed to buffer selected media streams, and time spent decoding when seeking to a different position in time. In this sense, muxing overhead is the control information added by the container to carry interleaved streams. A smaller overhead results in a smaller file when carrying the same streams with the same data. Overhead is affected by the total number of packets and by the size of stream packet headers. In high bitrate encodings, the content payload is usually large enough to make the overhead data relatively insignificant, but in low bitrate encodings, the inefficiency of the overhead can significantly affect the resulting file size if the container uses large stream packet headers or a large number of packets.

In general, Matroska[128] requires the least overhead, followed by MP4, AVI and Ogg.[129]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d Indicates whether the standard is open or proprietary, patent-free or encumbered, whether royalty payments are required for streaming and codec implementation, and may indicate the availability of free tools for it.[1]
  2. ^ a b c See the QuickTime File Format Specification[46] and MP4RA's Entry Codes Registered for QuickTime.[45]
  3. ^ a b AVI officially supports all codecs in the Media Foundation[48][47] which is an evolution of VCM and ACM, both of which are now obsolete. Some older codecs used to be officially supported,[49] and there are many known non-standard third-party extensions.[50]
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Matroska can support some codecs when wrapped in two specific Video for Windows data structures, VCM and ACM,[72] but support outside Windows may be limited.[72]
  5. ^ Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[30] p. 72, sec. E.4.3.1; p. 1. SWF File Format Specification,[31] Chapter 14: Video, pp. 204-218.
  6. ^ a b c Xiph has standardized the support for codecs in Ogg,[32] but added support for more codecs afterwards.[79][33]
  7. ^ Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[30] pp. 7-8, sec. 1.8.
  8. ^ Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[30] p. 70, sec. E.4.3.2; p. 1. SWF File Format Specification,[31] Chapter 11: Sounds, pp. 177-192. SWF File Format Specification Version 10, ADPCM Compression.[100]

References

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  1. ^ Multimedia format issues for CWS task forces (PDF). Eighth Session of the Committee on WIPO Standards (CWS). Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization. 23 October 2020. CWS/8/ITEM 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  2. ^ Siglin T (8 April 2020). "Understanding How to Acquire and Deliver Live Streams". Wowza Media Systems. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  3. ^ "Matroska Media Container Homepage". Matroska. 2018. Archived from the original on 2003-12-10. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  4. ^ Lhomme S, Vialle L, Bunkus M (2018). "Legal Aspect" (License). Roubaix, France: Matroska. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  5. ^ Matroska Multimedia Container (Partial draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 19 August 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  6. ^ "Matroska FAQ" (FAQ). Matroska. 2018. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  7. ^ "O!Play Air" (Product). Asus. 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  8. ^ "BDP-83/BDP-83SE Product Support" (Guide). Oppo Digital. 29 December 2001. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  9. ^ Buchanan M (29 December 2008). "Samsung's 2009 HDTV Lineup Leaked". Gizmodo. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  10. ^ Wong P (18 October 2010). "How to select the right LG HDTV (2010)". CNET Asia (Guide). CNET. Archived from the original on 10 January 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  11. ^ "Matroska Streaming" (Guide). Matroska. 2018. Archived from the original on 2010-05-25. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  12. ^ Tag Specifications (Specification). Matroska. 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  13. ^ Chapter Specifications (Specification). Matroska. 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  14. ^ MPEG-4 File Format, Version 2 (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  15. ^ "MP4: how are chapters and text subs stored?". Doom9's Forum (Forum message). 28 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  16. ^ FFmpeg Formats Documentation (Manual). FFmpeg. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  17. ^ QuickTime File Format (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 14 February 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  18. ^ ASF (Advanced Systems Format) (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 6 April 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  19. ^ "Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) – Relationship to Other Protocols" (Guide). Microsoft. 14 February 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  20. ^ AVI (Audio Video Interleaved) File Format (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  21. ^ a b Material Exchange Format (MXF) (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  22. ^ a b MPEG-2 Encoding Family (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 14 February 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2021. Licenses pertain to tools and not to streams or files per se.
  23. ^ a b Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems (PDF) (Standard) (2nd ed.). ISO. 1 December 2000. ISO/IEC 13818-1:2000. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010.
  24. ^ "Questions on m2ts". Doom9's Forum (Forum message). 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  25. ^ Caulfield I (16 January 2007). "Support for HDDVD .evo files (MPG PS variant) in ffmpeg". ffmpeg-devel (Mailing list).
  26. ^ "Matching HD DVD chapter information to EVO file". Doom9's Forum (Forum message). 8 December 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2021. I figured these 4 files are needed to accomplish the task: the .xpl file where the chapter name and timestamp are located...
  27. ^ Transparent end-to-end packet switched streaming service (PSS); 3GPP file format (3GP) (Specification). Version 15.0.0 (2018-06). Valbonne, France: 3GPP. 22 June 2018. 3GPP TS 26.244. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
  28. ^ a b "Understanding cue points" (Guide). Adobe Inc. 10 September 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  29. ^ Macromedia Flash FLV Video File Format (Partial draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  30. ^ a b c d Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification (PDF) (Specification). Version 10.1. San Jose, CA: Adobe Inc. 3 September 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  31. ^ a b c SWF File Format Specification (PDF) (Specification). Version 19. San Jose, CA: Adobe Inc. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  32. ^ a b Gonçalves I, Pfeiffer S, Montgomery C (September 2008). Ogg Media Types. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC5334. RFC 5334. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  33. ^ a b Terriberry T, Lee R, Giles R (April 2016). Ogg Encapsulation for the Opus Audio Codec. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC7845. RFC 7845. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  34. ^ Ogg File Format (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 19 February 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  35. ^ "Ogg bitstream overview". Xiph.org. 2016. Archived from the original on 2000-01-18. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  36. ^ Metadata (Specification). Xiph.Org Foundation. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
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