This article possibly contains original research. (June 2021) |
Chhattisgarhi (छत्तीसगढ़ी) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by approximately 16.25 million people from Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra in India.[3] It is the official language of Chhattisgarh. It is grouped within the Eastern Hindi languages and is counted by the Indian national census as a dialect of Hindi.
| Chhattisgarhi | |
|---|---|
| छत्तीसगढ़ी | |
 The word "Chhattisgarhi" written in Devanagari script | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Chhattisgarh and a minority of speakers in Odisha and Maharashtra |
Native speakers | 16.2 million, partial count (2011 census)[1] (additional speakers counted under Hindi) |
| Dialects | |
| Devanagari, Odia | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | India
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:hne – Chhattisgarhisgj – Surgujia |
| Glottolog | chha1249 |
| Linguasphere | 59-AAF-ta |
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | ʈ | tʃ | k | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| breathy | bʱ | dʱ | ɖʱ | dʒʱ | ɡʱ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | |||||
| Trill/Tap | voiced | r | ɽ | ||||
| breathy | ɽʱ | ||||||
| Lateral | voiced | l | |||||
| breathy | lʱ | ||||||
| Approximant | ʋ | j | |||||
- /r/ can also be heard as a tap [ɾ].
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | iː | uː | |
| ɪ | ʊ | ||
| Mid | eː | ə | oː |
| ɛ | ɔ | ||
| Low | aː | ||
- /ə/ can also be heard as back [ʌ], [ɐ].
- Nasalization is also phonemically distinctive.
Sample text
editThe following is a sample text in Chhattisgarhi, of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with a transliteration (IAST) and transcription (IPA).[4]
- Chhattisgarhi in Devanagari Script
सबो लोगन मन के गौरव अऊ अधिकार मन के मामला म जनम ले मिले स्वतंत्रता अऊ बरोबरी मिले हे। ओमन ल बुद्धि अऊ अन्तरात्मा के देन मिले हे अऊ ओमन ल एक दूसर ल परेम भाईचारा के भाव ले बेवहार करना चाही।
- Transliteration (ISO)
Sabo loɡan man ke ɡaurav aū adhikār man ke māmlā ma janam le mile svatantratā aū barobari mile he. Oman la buddhi aū antarātmā ke den mile he aū oman la ek dūsar la parem bhāīcārā ke bhāv le bevahār karnā cāhī.
- Transcription (IPA)
səbo loɡən mən ke ɡɔrəʋ əuː əd̪ʰikaːr mən ke maːmlaː mə dʒənəm le mile sʋət̪ənt̪rət̪aː auː bərobəri mile he. omən lə bud̪d̪ʰi auː ant̪əraːt̪maː ke d̪en mile he auː omən lə ek d̪uːsər lə pərem bʰaːiːtʃaːraː ke bʰaːʋ le beʋəhaːr kərnaː tʃaːhiː
- Translation (grammatical)
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
See also
editBibliography
edit- G. A. Zograph: Languages of South Asia, 1960 (translated by G.L. Campbell, 1982), Routledge, London.
- H. L. Kavyopadhyaya, G. A. Grierson and L. P. Kavya-Vinod. 1921. A grammar of the Chhattisgarhi dialect of Eastern Hindi.
- Masica, Colin P. 1993. The Indo-Aryan languages. (Cambridge Language Surveys.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Boehm, Kelly Kilgo. 2022. A Preliminary Sociolinguistic Survey of the Chhattisgarhi-Speaking Peoples of India. SIL International.
- C. K. Chandrakar, "Chhattisgarhi Shabadkosh"
- C. K. Chandrakar, "Manak Chhattisgarhi Vyakaran"
- C. K. Chandrakar, "Chhattisgarhi Muhawara Kosh"
- Chhattisgarh Rajbhasha Aayog, "Prashashnik Shabdkosh Vol. I & II"
References
edit- ^ "Census of India 2011" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. p. 8. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
- ^ "The Chhattisgarh Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2007" (PDF). indiacode.nic.in. 2008. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ "Languages of Chhattisgarh". Chhattisgarh Tourism. Archived from the original on 2018-04-12. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
- ^ "Chhattisgarhi (छत्तीसगढ़ी)". Omniglot. Retrieved 2023-11-09.