In geomorphology, a butte (/bjuːt/) is an isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top; buttes are smaller landforms than mesas, plateaus, and tablelands. The word butte comes from the French word butte, meaning knoll (but of any size); its use is prevalent in the Western United States, including the southwest where mesa (Spanish for "table") is used for the larger landform. Due to their distinctive shapes, buttes are frequently landmarks in plains and mountainous areas.[1] To differentiate the two landforms, geographers use the rule of thumb that a mesa has a top that is wider than its height, while a butte has a top that is narrower than its height.[2][3]
Formation
editButtes form by weathering and erosion when hard caprock overlies a layer of less resistant rock that is eventually worn away. The harder rock on top of the butte resists erosion. The caprock provides protection for the less resistant rock below from wind abrasion which leaves it standing isolated. As the top is further eroded by abrasion and weathering, the excess material that falls off adds to the scree or talus slope around the base.[4] On a much smaller scale, the same process forms hoodoos.[5]
Notable buttes
editThe Mitten Buttes of Monument Valley in the Utah–Arizona state line are two of the most distinctive and widely recognized buttes. Monument Valley and the Mittens provided backgrounds in the scenes of many western-themed films, including seven movies directed by John Ford.[note 1] Another very well-known and frequently photographed butte in northern Arizona is Thumb Butte, which overlooks the city of Prescott and is the most prominent and distinctive geologic landmark in the vicinity. The Devils Tower in northeastern Wyoming is a laccolithic butte composed of igneous rock rather than sandstone, limestone or other sedimentary rocks.[6]
The term butte is sometimes applied more broadly to isolated, steep-sided hills with pointed or craggy, rather than flat, tops.[1] Three notable formations that are either named butte or may be considered buttes even though they do not conform to the formal geographer's rule are Scotts Bluff in Nebraska which is a collection of five bluffs, Crested Butte, which is a 12,168 ft (3,709 m) mountain in Colorado, and Elephant Butte, which is now an island in Elephant Butte Reservoir in New Mexico.
Among the well-known non-flat-topped buttes in the United States are Bear Butte, South Dakota, Black Butte, Oregon, and the Sutter Buttes in California. In many cases, buttes have been given other names that do not use the word butte, for example, Courthouse Rock, Nebraska. Also, some large hills that are technically not buttes have names using the word, examples of which are Kamiak Butte, Chelan Butte and Steptoe Butte in Washington state.
Gallery
editSee also
edit- Caprock Escarpment – Geographical transition in Texas and New Mexico
- Megalith – Large stone used to build a structure or monument
- Monadnock – Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
- Monolith – Stone block made of one single piece; object made of one single rock piece
- Potrero – Long mesa that at one end slopes upward to higher terrain
- Table mountain (disambiguation)
- Tepui – Table-top mountain or mesa in the Guiana Highlands of South America
- Tuya – Flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet
- Volcanic plug – Volcanic object created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano
Footnotes
edit- ^ The John Ford westerns with location work shot in Monument Valley were Stagecoach (1939), My Darling Clementine (1946), Fort Apache (1948), She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), The Searchers (1956), Sergeant Rutledge (1960), and Cheyenne Autumn (1964).
References
edit- ^ a b Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "butte". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349.
- ^ Allaby, Michael (2013). "butte". A dictionary of geology and earth sciences (Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199653065.
- ^ "Mesa and Butte". Science Clarified. 2008. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013.
- ^ Thornbury, William D. (1969). Principles of geomorphology (2d ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 133. ISBN 0471861979.
- ^ Davis, George Herbert (1999). Structural Geology of the Colorado Plateau Region of Southern Utah, with Special Emphasis on Deformation Bands. G.S.A. Special Paper 342. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-8137-2342-6.
- ^ "Devils Tower National Monument – Geologic Formations". National Park Service. 10 Mar 2014. Retrieved 13 Mar 2014.
External links
edit- . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
- . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.