Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]
Wikipedia

Big Four (banking)

For other uses, see Big Four (disambiguation).

The Big Four (or Big 4) is the colloquial name given to the four main banks in several countries where the banking industry is dominated by just four institutions and where the phrase has thus gained relevance.[1] Some countries include more or fewer institutions in such rankings, leading to other names such as Big Three, Big Five, or Big Six.

International use

edit

Internationally, the term "Big Four Banks" has traditionally referred to the following central banks:[2]

Australia

edit
See also: Banking in Australia

In Australia, the "big four banks" refers to the four largest banks that have historically dominated Australia's banking industry in terms of market share, revenue, and total assets.[3][4] The "big four banks" of Australia are:[5]

A longstanding policy of the Federal Government in Australia has been to maintain this status quo, called the four pillars policy. The policy has been maintained through the Global Recession of 2008–09, as Westpac acquired St George Bank and the Commonwealth Bank acquired Bankwest, reinforcing the special status of the "big four".

Austria

edit

The "Big Four" banks of Austria are:[7]

*separate legal entities operating under a common brand

Belgium

edit

The big four banks of Belgium[8] are a result of national and international mergers in the early 90s.

Brazil

edit

In Brazil, the "big four", according to Exame Magazine[9] in 2017:

Name Description Year Net Assets
Itaú Unibanco Largest Private bank 2017 US$452.6 billion
Banco do Brasil Largest State Owned Bank 2017 US$430.2 billion
Caixa Econômica Federal State Owned Bank 2017 US$406.0 billion
Banco Bradesco Private Bank 2017 US$391.6 billion

Cambodia

edit

According to the National Bank of Cambodia, the top three largest banks in Cambodia dominates 39.1% (The largest bank in term of total asset is Canadia Bank at 14.2%, followed by ACLEDA Bank at 12.7%, in third place Advanced Bank of Asia (ABA) at 12.2%) of the overall banking assets as of 2020. These banks are:[10]

Canada

edit
See also: Big Five banks of Canada

There are five banks dominating the Canadian banking sector, hence the "Big Five"[11] is used instead of "Big Four".

China

edit
See also: Banking in China

During the 1920s, the term "Big Four" applied to the Four Northern Banks of the Republic of China (i.e., the four most capitalized commercial banks in Northern China).[12] These were the Yien Yieh Commercial Bank, the Kincheng Banking Corporation, the Continental Bank and The China & South Sea Bank. They were contrasted with the Three Southern Banks of Southern China.

By 1949, the "Big Four" banks were the Bank of China, the Bank of Communications, the Central Bank of China, and the Farmers Bank of China. All four were state-owned. Together with the Central Trust of China, Postal Savings and Remittance Bureau of China, and Central Cooperative Treasury of China, these banks were called the "four banks, two bureaus, one treasury" (四行两局一库).[13]

In the People's Republic of China, the "Big Four" banks (四大银行) are:[14]

  1. Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
  2. Bank of China
  3. China Construction Bank
  4. Agricultural Bank of China
  5. Bank of Communications ("Big Five")
  6. Postal Savings Bank of China ("Big Six")

Colombia

edit

In Colombia, the ten biggest banking service networks are:[15][16]

Name Description Year Net Assets
Banco de Bogotá Largest Private Bank 2017 COP 3.6 trillion
Bancolombia Private Bank 2017 COP 2.6 trillion
Banco Davivienda Private Bank 2017 COP 1.204 trillion
Banco de Occidente Credencial Private Bank 2017 COP 932.827 billion
BBVA Colombia Private Bank 2017 COP 346.333 billion
Banco Agrario de Colombia [es] State owned Bank 2017 COP 339.410 billion
Banco Colpatria Private Bank 2017 COP 253.572 billion
Banco Caja Social [es] Private Bank 2017 COP 238.116 billion
Citibank Colombia Private Bank 2017 COP 172.051 billion
Banco Popular [es] Private Bank 2017 COP 156.033 billion

Czech Republic

edit

In Czech Republic, the "big three" are:[17]

Estonia

edit

Finland

edit

France

edit

In France, according to The Banker,[18] the six major banking groups are:

Germany

edit

Greece

edit

Hong Kong

edit

In Hong Kong, some media refer to the following as the "big four":[19]

HSBC, Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong), and Bank of China (Hong Kong) are the three note-issuing banks; Hang Seng and HSBC Hong Kong are both under the common ownership of London-based HSBC Holdings plc. According to Global Retail Banking Cross-sell conducted by RFi group in 2015, HSBC, Bank of China (Hong Kong), and Hang Seng Bank were the top 3 most popular banks in Hong Kong.[20]

India

edit
See also: Banking in India

In India the largest banks, based on total market capitalization, are:[21]

Big Four private banks in India
Big Four public sector banks in India

Indonesia

edit

In Indonesia, the term "big four" is not explicitly used. As of 2018, the four largest banks by total assets are:[22]

BRI, Bank Mandiri, and BNI are all controlled by the central government as state-owned enterprises.

Ireland

edit

In Ireland, the term "big four" applies to the four largest banks by market capitalisation.[23][24]

Israel

edit

In Israel, the term "big five"[26] is used instead of "big four".

Japan

edit

In Japan, the term "big three"[27][28] is used instead of "big four". The related term city bank is also sometimes used for these banks. The "big three" are:

Japan had a "big four" between 2002 and 2005 when the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi and UFJ Japan were still separate entities.[29] The two merged to form Mitsubishi UFJ, now the largest of the three, in 2005.

These banks are all listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange (where they are constituents of the Nikkei 225 and TOPIX Core30 indices) and the New York Stock Exchange in the form of American depositary receipts; MUFG and SMBC Group are both additionally listed in the Nagoya Stock Exchange and serve as the financial arms of their respective namesake keiretsu (Mitsubishi for MUFG, Sumitomo and Mitsui for SMBC).

Kenya

edit

Latvia

edit

According to a consumer survey conducted in 2019,[30] the "big four" retail banks in Latvia are:

Lebanon

edit

In Lebanon, where the banks have retained their banking secrecy laws since 1956, which is prevalent in the whole MENA region, and while adopting international measures to fight money laundering, the "big four" banks consist of:[31]

  • Bank Audi (founded in 1830 and ranked on the Forbes Magazine Global 2000 list of largest public companies in the world in 2016)
  • Byblos Bank (founded in 1950 as "Société Commerciale et Agricole Byblos Bassil Frères & Co.")
  • BLOM Bank: Banque du Liban et d'Outre-Mer S.A.L (founded in 1951)
  • Fransabank (founded in 1921 as Société Centrale de Banque)

Furthermore, as of September 2016, there are more than 51 banks in Lebanon, one of the smallest countries in the Middle East, a fact that has always made investors from the Arab countries, especially the GCC petrodollar in addition to the European and world investors, to place their funds in the Lebanese banks.

Luxembourg

edit

The "big four" full-service banks in Luxembourg are:[32]

There are bigger banks in Luxembourg, but these only deliver a limited number of services such as investment banking, private banking, or corporate banking only. Luxembourg is a financial center.

Macau

edit

In Macau, the four major banks are:[33]

Malaysia

edit

According to Central Bank of Malaysia, the top four banks by assets size are:[34]

Mexico

edit

The "big four" in Mexico are:[35][36]

Myanmar

edit

According to Asia Times, the four largest banks in Myanmar are:[37]

Netherlands

edit

The "big four" banks in the Netherlands by market concentration are:[38]

The market leader for the Netherlands, ING Group, is one of the world's largest multinational banking and financial service corporations, with products and services reaching over 41 countries worldwide.[39]

New Zealand

edit

New Zealand is Australia's closest neighbour, with very close cultural and economic ties. The big four Australian banks (often referred to collectively as the 'big banks'[40][41][42] or the 'big Aussie banks') also dominate the banking sector in New Zealand, through subsidiaries:

Together they hold over 90% of gross loans and advances in New Zealand[43] as well as close to 90% of all mortgages.[44]

These four NZ subsidiaries are massively profitable and sometimes even outperform the Australian parent companies.[45] The extent to which they dominate the banking sector can be seen in profits: In the 2012/2013 financial year, the largest of the Big Banks, ANZ New Zealand, made a profit of NZ$1.37 billion. The smallest, BNZ, made a profit of NZ$695 million.[40] State-owned Kiwibank, community trust-owned TSB Bank, SBS Bank (formerly Southland Building Society) and Heartland Bank, the next four largest banks by profit, made NZ$97 million,[46] NZ$73.5 million,[47] NZ$14 million[48] and NZ$7 million (albeit with an underlying result of about NZ$30 million) respectively.[49] Thus, the profit of New Zealand's next four largest banks (after the Big Four) is equal to less than 30% of the smallest of the Big Four, BNZ.

Nigeria

edit

The term "Big Five" is used instead of four, with five banks dominating the Nigerian banking world. In 2011, these top five banks had a combined balance sheet, including contingents, of 12.9 trillion naira ($821 billion), 33 percent higher than the prior year.[50]

North Macedonia

edit

According to PricewaterhouseCoopers, the three largest banks in North Macedonia dominate 60% of the banking market share.[51]

Pakistan

edit

The "top six" banks of Pakistan are:[52]

Panama

edit

Peru

edit

In Peru the "big four" are:[53]

Philippines

edit

The term "Big Four" is not explicitly used in the Philippines. The following are the four largest banks in the country in terms of total assets as of March 2020:[54]

Romania

edit

The Romanian banking system has almost 40 banks, most detained by local financial vehicles and some subsidiaries of foreign banks. The big four are as follows.

Other major banks are Raiffeisen Bank, Unicredit Bank, and the ING Bank of Holland subsidiary.

Russia

edit

Four largest banks by operations and assets in Russia by December 2020:[55][56]

Further information: Banking in Russia

Singapore

edit

In Singapore, the "Big Three" are:[57]

South Africa

edit

In South Africa, the "big four" in order of value of assets are:[58]

South Korea

edit

In South Korea, the "Big Four" are:[59]

Spain

edit

As of September 2021, the "big four" in Spain are:[60]

There was formerly a "big six" (los seis grandes) composed of three banks that are now part of BBVA (Banco de Bilbao, Banco de Vizcaya, and state-owned Banco Argentaria) and three now combined as Santander (Banco Central, Banco Hispanoamericano, and Banco de Santander).

Sri Lanka

edit

In Sri Lanka, the leading banks are, as of 2020[61]

State-owned banks,

Privately owned banks,

Foreign-owned leading banks,

Sweden

edit

In Sweden the "big four" are:[62][63]

Switzerland

edit

In Switzerland, the "big three" hold 45% of all customer deposits. They are:[64]

Taiwan

edit

In Taiwan, the five "systemic banks" are:[65][66]

Thailand

edit

In 2014, the "big four"[67] together held over 66% of gross loans and controlled more than 67% of total assets in the banking system.[68]

Before the Siamese Revolution, the banking system was controlled by foreign powers, particularly the "big four" European banks.[69]: 160–169 

Turkey

edit

In 2021, the top three largest state-owned banks held over 37.1% of the market share, while Turkey's top four largest foreign-owned banks dominate 22.9% of the overall market share.[70]

State-owned banks

edit

Privately-owned banks

edit

United Arab Emirates

edit

Based on the total assets of listed banks at the end of 2017,[71][72] big five banks in United Arab Emirates are:

United Kingdom

edit

England and Wales

edit

In relation to England and Wales, the phrase "big four banks" is currently used to refer to the four largest banking groups:

Scotland

edit

In relation to Scotland, the phrase "big four" is currently used to refer to the four largest banking groups:

Northern Ireland

edit

In relation to Northern Ireland, the phrase "big four" is currently used to refer to the four largest banking groups:

Historical use

edit

Until 1970, the phrase "big five" (as opposed to "little six")[76] was used to refer to the five largest UK clearing banks (institutions which clear bankers' cheques), which in England and Wales were:

After the merger of Westminster Bank, National Provincial Bank and District Bank to form National Westminster Bank (now part of NatWest Group) in 1970,[77] the term "big four" came into use instead.

United States

edit
See also: List of largest banks in the United States

In the United States, the "big four" banks hold about 45% of all U.S. customer deposits (as of 2018), and each have assets of roughly $1.7 trillion U.S. dollars. As of 2023, they have combined assets of more than $9.2 trillion.[78] The banks are, in order of size:[79][80]

Regardless of the jurisdiction of charter, the legal entity of these banks are all subsidiaries of Delaware-chartered bank holding companies.

From a retail banking perspective, U.S. Bank and PNC Bank both have significantly more branches than Citibank, the retail banking arm of Citigroup.[81] However, Citigroup still has significantly more assets than U.S. Bancorp and PNC Financial Services.[82]

Vietnam

edit

In Vietnam, the four major banking groups are:[83]

As of the start of 2024, the big four held VNĐ13.5 quadrillion worth of public deposits (bank liabilities), equivalent to 50% of all bank deposits nationwide. Meanwhile, during the annual year 2023, these banks represented 42% of the outstanding loans (bank credit) that were issued over this period nationwide, a total of VNĐ685 trillion.[84]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Big banks". BusinessDictionary.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 29 May 2011.
  2. ^ Adler, Lee (25 June 2013). "The Big Four Central Banks Muddy The Same Sea of Liquidity". WolfStreet.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  3. ^ "Big four banks lower fixed rates". ABC News. 28 August 2008. Archived from the original on 31 March 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
  4. ^ "Who really owns Australia's Big Four banks?". Finty Australia. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  5. ^ "'Big four' banks made huge profits as Australians took out bigger mortgages for pricier housing". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  6. ^ "Quiggin, J. (2001), 'The 'People's Bank': the privatisation of the Commonwealth Bank and the case for a new publicly-owned bank', Australian Options". Archived from the original on 19 March 2020.
  7. ^ "Österreich – Größte Banken nach Bilanzsumme 2016". Statista. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  8. ^ "Grootbanken gaan bankautomaten samenvoegen: kosten besparen en betere spreiding". VRTNWS. 8 January 2020. Archived from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  9. ^ "Os 20 maiores bancos do Brasil em valor de ativos". exame.abril.com.br. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  10. ^ "National Bank of Cambodia Supervision Annual Report 2020" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022. The largest bank in term of total asset is Canadia Bank at 14.2%, followed by ACLEDA Bank at 12.7%, in third place Advanced Bank of Asia (ABA) at 12.2%. Source: National Bank of Cambodia
  11. ^ Bank of Canada (December 2003). "Financial System Review" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2019.
  12. ^ Ji, Zhaojin (2003). A History of Modern Shanghai Banking. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-1003-4.
  13. ^ Yao Sui: Chinese Finance History, High Education Publisher in 2007, Beijing. (in Chinese: 《中国金融史》，姚遂 主编，高等教育出版社，2007年版)
  14. ^ 黎晨 [Li Chen] (2015). "Holding 'China Inc.' together: The restructuring of the centrally controlled financial system". China's Centralized Industrial Order. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. pp. 126–147. ISBN 978-1-317-91055-8. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  15. ^ "El top 10 de bancos con mayores ganancias en Colombia a septiembre". dinero.com. 21 October 2016. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  16. ^ "Cinco bancos del país están entre los 50 más grandes de A. L". Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  17. ^ "Největší banky v Česku. Nové žebříčky podle klientů a peněz". Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  18. ^ James King, "Top 1000 World Banks – French prudence pays off for top banks" Archived 14 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine, The Banker, 1 July 2020.
  19. ^ "相關內地貸款逾四萬億". 東方日報 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  20. ^ "m18講場：你揀銀行同大部分港人有冇唔同？". on.cc東網 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). 19 November 2015. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  21. ^ Forbes India (16 October 2023). "Top 10 banks in India by market cap in 2023". Forbes. Forbes India.
  22. ^ Mediatama, Grahanusa (26 September 2018). "11 bank terbesar Tanah Air kuasai 63% aset perbankan". kontan.co.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  23. ^ "Anglo Irish Bank Corporation (Executive Summary)". SME Financial. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2012. ...The only banks with higher market capitalisation were Allied Irish Banks (AIB) and Bank of Ireland, with strong retail and commercial presences. Ulster Bank and National Irish Bank are the other members of the 'Big Four' retail and commercial banks, both owned by overseas parents and not listed on the Irish Stock Exchange
  24. ^ Hardiman, Cyril (12 February 2005). "'Big Four' Northern banks face probe on pricing and competition claims". Irish Independent. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  25. ^ Ryan, Susan. AIB's First Trust refunds £350,000 to customers over fee error Archived 1 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Business ETC, 30 November 2011. Accessed 14 April 2014.
  26. ^ "TA-Banks5 Index About", tase.co.il, Israel: The Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, 9 February 2017, retrieved 15 November 2024
  27. ^ "Japan's Biggest Banks See Profit Declining in Second Half". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. 15 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  28. ^ Nakano, M., Financial Crisis and Bank Management in Japan (1997 to 2016) (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), p. 128.
  29. ^ "Swallow hard". The Economist. 15 July 2004. Archived from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  30. ^ "Kuras bankas ir Latvijas iedzīvotāju Topā? SKDS paziņo jaunākos datus".
  31. ^ "Top Lebanese Banks by Assets". Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  32. ^ "Luxembourg Banking Insights 2015" (PDF). pwc. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  33. ^ "如何開澳門銀行戶口？澳門銀行開設戶口教學". Wise (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). 26 June 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  34. ^ Khoo, Daniel (6 February 2020). "Malaysia's top 3 banks need to maintain higher than average capital needs". The Star. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  35. ^ Jiménez, Ismael (18 May 2015). "Los 20 bancos más grandes en México • Forbes México". Archived from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  36. ^ Navarro, María Fernanda (30 October 2017). "Los 10 bancos más grandes de México". Archived from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  37. ^ Oo, Dominic; W. Crispin, Shawn (2 June 2021). "Myanmar banks on edge of a coup-caused collapse". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  38. ^ "Nederlandse Bankensector "(dutch)"". Banken.nl. Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  39. ^ "Products and Services". ING Group. Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  40. ^ a b Parker, Tamsyn. NZ's big banks record $3.5b profit Archived 21 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The New Zealand Herald, 5 November 2013. Accessed 14 April 2014.
  41. ^ Gray, Jamie. NZ's big banks under pressure Archived 21 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The New Zealand Herald, 5 August 2011. Accessed 14 April 2014.
  42. ^ "Big Four banks' New Zealand profit up". Stuff. 9 November 2012. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  43. ^ "Insights – KPMG – NZ". KPMG. 9 February 2018. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  44. ^ "Kiwibank has the largest mortgage market share percentage growth in 2011; ANZ NZ adds the most volume". interest.co.nz. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  45. ^ Westpac NZ outperforms Australian parent Archived 21 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The New Zealand Herald, 16 August 2011. Accessed 14 April 2014.
  46. ^ Weir, James. Kiwibank lifts profit as customer base expands Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ TSB profit rises despite mortgage market competition Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Radio New Zealand, 31 May 2013. Accessed 14 April 2014.
  48. ^ "SBS Bank lifts annual net profit nearly 22%". Radio New Zealand. 26 June 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  49. ^ "Heartland sees core growth". Radio New Zealand. 26 August 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  50. ^ "Business: The 5 Biggest Banks in Nigeria". Ventures Africa. 16 August 2012. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  51. ^ "Banking Market". PricewaterhouseCoopers. Archived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021. The three largest banks – Komercijalna Banka, Stopanska Banka Skopje (National Bank of Greece is the main shareholder) and NLB Tutunska Banka (NLB Group is the main shareholder) dominate in the banking system, holding together more than 60% of the total market activities.
  52. ^ "The top five banks in Pakistan". Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  53. ^ Anon., "Top Banks in Peru 2019—Overview of Top 10 Banks" Archived 11 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine, ADV Ratings, 2019.
  54. ^ "Ranking as to Total Assets – Universal and Commercial Bank Group as of March 31, 2020". Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. 1 April 2020. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  55. ^ "Рейтинг банков России". Коммерсантъ. 9 December 2020. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  56. ^ "Russia: Top 10 largest banks, by total assets 2020". Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  57. ^ "Top Banks in Singapore". Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  58. ^ "Banks and foreign exchange in SA". EWN. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
  59. ^ "Yonhap News Agency". Yonhap News Agency. Archived from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  60. ^ "Bancos más grandes de España – Economipedia". 19 July 2017. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  61. ^ "Sri Lanka Banking Sector: Status quo as of June 2018". 16 October 2018. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020.
  62. ^ Östlund, Carl-Viggo. "Kunderna gisslan hos storbankerna (The customers held hostage by the big banks) (swedish)". Aftonbladet.se. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013.
  63. ^ Anon., "Top Banks in Sweden 2019—Overview of Banking Industry" Archived 9 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine, ADV Ratings, 1 December 2019.
  64. ^ "Schweizer Finanzmonitor". Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  65. ^ "大到不能倒！ 金管會公布5大系統性銀行名單" Archived 26 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, China Times, 27 June 2019.
  66. ^ Shih-ching, K., "Five banks given 'important' status" Archived 26 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Taipei Times, 1 July 2019.
  67. ^ "Fitch Affirms Thailand's 4 Largest Banks". Reuters. 22 May 2015. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  68. ^ "Foreign banks consider branching into Thai banking". www.globalcapital.com. 26 September 2014. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  69. ^ Brown, R. A., Capital and Entrepreneurship in South-East Asia: Studies in the Economics of East and South-East Asia (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1994), pp. 160–169 Archived 14 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
  70. ^ Abbas Taqi, Mohammad; Smith, Matt (8 March 2021). "Turkey's non-state banks have the edge in 2021 amid lira volatility, high rates". S&P Global. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  71. ^ "Revealed: Top 10 banks in the UAE". Gulf Business. 10 June 2018. Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  72. ^ Banker, The. "Top 1000 World Banks 2018 – Middle East". www.thebanker.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  73. ^ Kar-Gupta, Sudip. UK banks prepare for inevitable shake-up Archived 15 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters, 1 September 2011. Accessed 14 April 2014.
  74. ^ Kar-Gupta, Sudip. UK to prioritise taxpayers as bank shake-up looms Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters, 10 April 2011. Accessed. 14 April 2014.
  75. ^ The Big Four by D Rogers Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  76. ^ Morgan, Glenn and Sturdy, Andrew Beyond Organizational Change: Structure, Discourse and Power in UK Financial Services Archived 14 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine (p.57) Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 2000
  77. ^ Pohl, Manfred Handbook on the History of European Banks Archived 14 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine (p.1232) Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1994
  78. ^ Goldberg, Matthew; Beers, Brian (12 December 2023). "The 15 largest banks in the US". Bankrate. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  79. ^ "Citigroup posts 4th straight loss; Merrill loss widens". USA Today. Associated Press. 16 October 2008. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 17 December 2009.
  80. ^ Temple, James; The Associated Press (18 November 2008). "Bay Area job losses likely in Citigroup layoffs". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 5 December 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2009.
  81. ^ "Banks Ranked by Number of Branches". Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  82. ^ "Banks Ranked by Total Assets". Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  83. ^ Thuy, Ngoc; Anh, Tram (27 January 2021). "Vietnam banks are confident in business outlook in 2021". Hanoi Times. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  84. ^ VnExpress. "Big 4 banks represent 41.9% of total credit, 50% of total deposits - VnExpress International". VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Four_(banking)&oldid=1259806982"