The Batum oblast[a] was a province (oblast) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, with the Black Sea port of Batum (present-day Batumi) as its administrative center. The Batum oblast roughly corresponded to the present-day Adjara autonomous region of Georgia, and most of the Artvin Province of Turkey.[1]
Batum oblast
Батумская область | |
|---|---|
 Coat of arms | |
 Administrative map of the Batum Oblast | |
| Coordinates: 41°38′45″N 41°38′30″E / 41.64583°N 41.64167°E | |
| Country | Russian Empire |
| Viceroyalty | Caucasus |
| Established | 1873 |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | 3 March 1918 |
| Capital | Batum (present-day Batumi) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 6,975.65 km2 (2,693.31 sq mi) |
| Population (1916) | |
| • Total | 122,811 |
| • Density | 18/km2 (46/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 22.02% |
| • Rural | 87.98% |
History
editThe Batum oblast was created out of the territories of the Ottoman Empire's sanjak of Batum following the region's annexation into the Russian Empire in the aftermath of the 1878 Russo-Turkish War. Established in 1878, the Batum Oblast was later downgraded to an okrug in 1883 and incorporated into the Kutais Governorate (until 1903).
According to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Russian SFSR ceded the Batum Oblast to the Ottoman Empire, however, the Transcaucasian Seim, the authority in Transcaucasia by 1918, rejected the treaty, opting to negotiate with the Ottoman Empire on its own terms. Such action led to the former's dissolution and the subsequent Treaty of Batum, which resulted in the inevitable reannexation of Batum to the Ottoman Empire.
After the Mudros Armistice, in which the Ottoman Empire was forced to withdraw its troops from the territories of the former Russian Transcaucasus including Batum, British troops under the 27th Division occupied the district to support the British military presence in the Transcaucasus, and to serve as a terminal for supplying Denikin's Volunteer Army.
The Batum Oblast was finally evacuated by the British in the summer of 1920, and handed over to the Democratic Republic of Georgia, whom administered the district until it was occupied by Turkish revolutionaries, leading to the Treaty of Kars which resulted in the partition of the district. The north including the port of Batum was retained by Georgia as an autonomy, and the southern Artvin district was incorporated into Turkey as the Artvin Province.
Administrative divisions
editThe districts (okrugs) of the Batum oblast in 1917 were as follows:[2][3]
| Name | Administrative centre | Population | Area | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1897 | 1916 | |||
| Artvin okrug (Артвинский округ) | Artvin | 56,140 | 37,414 | 2,875.06 square versts (3,272.00 km2; 1,263.33 sq mi) |
| Batumi okrug (Батумский округ) | Batum (Batumi) | 88,444 | 85,397 | 3,254.05 square versts (3,703.31 km2; 1,429.86 sq mi) |
Demographics
editRussian Empire Census
editAccording to the Russian Empire Census, the Batum oblast (at the time part of the Kutaisi Governorate) had a population of 144,584 on 28 January [O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 82,213 men and 62,371 women. The plurality of the population indicated Georgian to be their mother tongue, with significant Turkish, Armenian and Russian speaking minorities.[2]
| Language | Native speakers | % |
|---|---|---|
| Georgian | 62,004 | 42.88 |
| Turkish | 44,667 | 30.89 |
| Armenian | 14,939 | 10.33 |
| Russian | 7,525 | 5.20 |
| Greek | 4,717 | 3.26 |
| Ukrainian | 2,351 | 1.63 |
| Kurdish | 1,811 | 1.25 |
| Jewish | 1,076 | 0.74 |
| Polish | 911 | 0.63 |
| Persian | 767 | 0.53 |
| Abkhazian | 693 | 0.48 |
| Mingrelian | 635 | 0.44 |
| German | 369 | 0.26 |
| Imeretian | 356 | 0.25 |
| Tatar[b] | 355 | 0.25 |
| Lithuanian | 157 | 0.11 |
| Sartic | 156 | 0.11 |
| Belarusian | 80 | 0.06 |
| Avar-Andean | 56 | 0.04 |
| Kazi-Kumukh | 47 | 0.03 |
| English | 38 | 0.03 |
| Ossetian | 29 | 0.02 |
| Romanian | 27 | 0.02 |
| Svan | 17 | 0.01 |
| Estonian | 11 | 0.01 |
| Other | 790 | 0.55 |
| ТОТАL | 144,584 | 100.00 |
Kavkazskiy kalendar
editAccording to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, the Batum oblast had a population of 122,811 on 14 January [O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 66,808 men and 56,003 women, 95,292 of whom were the permanent population, and 27,519 were temporary residents:[3]
| Nationality | Urban | Rural | TOTAL | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Georgians | 7,363 | 27.25 | 71,476 | 74.61 | 78,839 | 64.20 |
| Armenians | 10,975 | 40.62 | 4,217 | 4.40 | 15,192 | 12.37 |
| Sunni Muslims[c] | 75 | 0.28 | 14,267 | 14.89 | 14,342 | 11.68 |
| Russians | 5,042 | 18.66 | 3,503 | 3.66 | 8,545 | 6.96 |
| Asiatic Christians | 1,097 | 4.06 | 1,147 | 1.20 | 2,244 | 1.83 |
| Other Europeans | 855 | 3.16 | 120 | 0.13 | 975 | 0.79 |
| Shia Muslims[d] | 529 | 1.96 | 165 | 0.17 | 694 | 0.57 |
| North Caucasians | 476 | 1.76 | 180 | 0.19 | 656 | 0.53 |
| Jews | 597 | 2.21 | 10 | 0.01 | 607 | 0.49 |
| Kurds | 8 | 0.03 | 544 | 0.57 | 552 | 0.45 |
| Roma | 0 | 0.00 | 165 | 0.17 | 165 | 0.13 |
| TOTAL | 27,017 | 100.00 | 95,794 | 100.00 | 122,811 | 100.00 |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^
- Russian: Батумская область, romanized: Batumskaya oblast [bətʊmskəjə ɐbɫəsʲtʲ]
- Georgian: ბათუმის ოლქი, romanized: batumis olki [b̥atʰumis olkʰi]
- Turkish: Batum Oblastı [batum obɫastɯ]
- ^ Before 1918, Azerbaijanis were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred to Turkic-speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".[4][5]
- ^ Primarily Turco-Tatars.[6]
- ^ Primarily Tatars.[6]
References
edit- ^ Tsutsiev 2014.
- ^ a b c "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
- ^ a b Кавказский календарь на 1917 год, pp. 182–185.
- ^ Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25).
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50.
- ^ a b Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.
Bibliography
edit- Bournoutian, George A. (2018). Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-06260-2. OCLC 1037283914.
- Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520019843.
- Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
- Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus (PDF). Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300153088. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2023.
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