2004 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations
(Redirected from 2004 Summer Olympics national flag bearers)
During the Parade of Nations portion of the 2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, athletes from each country participating in the Olympics paraded in the arena, preceded by their flag. The flag was borne by a sportsperson from that country chosen either by the National Olympic Committee or by the athletes themselves to represent their country.
Parade order
editThe national team of Greece, as the host nation, entered the stadium last, breaking the tradition that the Greece national team enter first in every Olympic opening ceremony as a tribute for being the original host of both the Ancient and the Modern Olympic Games. However, in a nod to tradition, the Greek flag and flag bearer Pyrros Dimas entered at the beginning of the parade ahead of Saint Lucia, to avoid breaking the tradition entirely. Dimas also led the Greece national team when they entered last. Following tradition, other countries entered the stadium in name order in the language of the host country (Greece), which in this case is Modern Greek.
Kiribati and Timor-Leste competed for the first time at these Olympic Games, whereas Afghanistan returned from its eight-year absence after the national Olympic committee had been suspended under the Taliban regime since 1999.[1][2]
Announcers in the stadium read off the names of the marching nations in Greek, French, and English (the official languages of the host country and of the Olympics, respectively) with the music, performed and played by Dutch musician Tiësto, accompanying the athletes as they marched into the stadium.
Whilst most countries entered under their short names, a few entered under more formal or alternative names, mostly due to political and naming disputes. The Republic of Macedonia entered as the "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia'" ("Πρώην Γιουγκοσλαβική Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας") under Π because of the naming dispute with Greece. The Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) entered with the compromised name and flag of "Chinese Taipei" ("Κινεζικη Ταϊπεϊ") under Τ so that they did not enter together with conflicting People's Republic of China (commonly known as China), which entered as the "People's Republic of China" ("Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία της Κίνας") under Κ. The Republic of the Congo entered as just "Congo" (Κονγκό), while the Democratic Republic of the Congo entered with its full name, "Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία του Κονγκό" under Δ. The British Virgin Islands ("Βρετανικές Παρθένοι Νήσοι") entered under Β while the United States Virgin Islands entered as simply the "Virgin Islands" ("Παρθένοι Νήσοι"), under Π. Additionally, Ivory Coast, the United States, Iran, Laos, Libya, Russia, Syria and Hong Kong all entered under their formal names, respectively "Côte d'Ivoire", the "United States of America", "Islamic Republic of Iran", "Lao People's Democratic Republic", "Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Russian Federation", "Syrian Arab Republic" and "Hong Kong, China".
Notable flag bearers in the opening ceremony featured the following athletes: triple Grand Slam champion and tennis player Roger Federer (Switzerland), NBA basketball player Yao Ming (People's Republic of China), six-time Olympians and Star sailors Colin Beashel (Australia) and Torben Grael (Brazil), triple Olympic weightlifting champion Pyrros Dimas (Greece), show jumper Ludger Beerbaum (Germany), two-time Olympic sprint freestyle champion Alexander Popov (Russia), four-time rowing champion Elisabeta Lipă (Romania), decathlon champion Erki Nool (Estonia), and rings gymnast Jury Chechi (Italy).[3]
List
editThe following is a list of each country's announced flag bearer. The list is sorted by the order in which each nation appears in the parade of nations. The names are given in their official designations by the IOC.[3][4]
| Order | Nation | Greek | Roman transliteration | Flag bearer | Sport |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Αγία Λουκία | Agía Loukía | Zepherinus Joseph | Athletics | |
| 2 | Άγιος Βικέντιος και Γρεναδίνες | Ágios Vikéndios kai Grenadínes | Natasha Mayers | Athletics | |
| 3 | Άγιος Μαρίνος | Ágios Marínos | Diego Mularoni | Swimming | |
| 4 | Αγκόλα | Angóla | Angelo Victoriano | Basketball | |
| 5 | Αζερμπαϊτζάν | Azerbaïtzán | Nizami Pashayev | Weightlifting | |
| 6 | Αίγυπτος | Aígyptos | Ali Ibrahim | Rowing | |
| 7 | Αιθιοπία | Aithiopía | Abel Aferalign | Boxing | |
| 8 | Αϊτή | Aïtí | Tudor Sanon | Taekwondo | |
| 9 | Πράσινο Ακρωτήριο | Prásino Akrotírio | Wania Monteiro | Gymnastics | |
| 10 | Ακτή Ελεφαντοστού | Aktí Elefandostoú | Mariam Bah | Taekwondo | |
| 11 | Αλβανία | Alvanía | Klodiana Shala | Athletics | |
| 12 | Αλγερία | Algería | Djabir Saïd-Guerni | Athletics | |
| 13 | Αμερικανικές Σαμόα | Amerikanikés Samóa | Lisa Misipeka | Athletics | |
| 14 | Ανδόρρα | Andórra | Hocine Haciane | Swimming | |
| 15 | Αντίγκουα και Μπαρμπούντα | Antígoua kai Barboúda | Daniel Bailey | Athletics | |
| 16 | Αργεντινή | Argentiní | Carlos Espínola | Sailing | |
| 17 | Αρμενία | Armenía | Albert Azaryan | Gymnastics (head coach) | |
| 18 | Αρούμπα | Aroúba | Roshendra Vrolijk | Swimming | |
| 19 | Αυστραλία | Afstralía | Colin Beashel | Sailing | |
| 20 | Αυστρία | Afstría | Roman Hagara | Sailing | |
| 21 | Αφγανιστάν | Afganistán | Neema Suratgar | Non-participant (coach) | |
| 22 | Βανουάτου | Vanouátou | Moses Kamut | Athletics | |
| 23 | Βέλγιο | Vélgio | Jean-Michel Saive | Table tennis | |
| 24 | Βενεζουέλα | Venezouéla | Julio Luna | Weightlifting | |
| 25 | Βερμούδες | Vermoúdes | Peter Bromby | Sailing | |
| 26 | Βιετνάμ | Vietnám | Bui Thi Nhung | Athletics | |
| 27 | Βολιβία | Volivía | Geovana Irusta | Athletics | |
| 28 | Βοσνία-Ερζεγοβίνη | Vosnía-Erzegovíni | Nedžad Fazlija | Shooting | |
| 29 | Βουλγαρία | Voulgaría | Mariya Grozdeva | Shooting | |
| 30 | Βραζιλία | Vrazilía | Torben Grael | Sailing | |
| 31 | Βρετανικές Παρθένοι Νήσοι | Vretanikés Parthénoi Nísoi | Dion Crabbe | Athletics | |
| 32 | Γαλλία | Gallía | Jackson Richardson | Handball | |
| 33 | Γερμανία | Germanía | Ludger Beerbaum | Equestrian | |
| 34 | Γεωργία | Georgía | Zurab Zviadauri | Judo | |
| 35 | Γκάμπια | Gámbia | Jaysuma Saidy Ndure | Athletics | |
| 36 | Γκαμπόν | Gabón | Mélanie Engoang | Judo | |
| 37 | Γκάνα | Gána | Andrew Owusu | Athletics | |
| 38 | Γκουάμ | Gouám | Jeffrey Cobb | Wrestling | |
| 39 | Γουατεμάλα | Gouatemála | Gisela Morales | Swimming | |
| 40 | Γουιάνα | Gouiána | Aliann Pompey | Athletics | |
| 41 | Γουινέα | Gouinéa | Nabie Foday Fofanah | Athletics | |
| 42 | Γουινέα-Μπισσάου | Gouinéa-Bissáou | Leopoldina Ross | Wrestling | |
| 43 | Γρενάδα | Grenáda | Alleyne Francique | Athletics | |
| 44 | Δανία | Danía | Eskild Ebbesen | Rowing | |
| 45 | Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία του Κονγκό | Laïkí Dimokratía tou Kongó | Gary Kikaya | Athletics | |
| 46 | Δομίνικα | Domínika | Chris Lloyd | Athletics | |
| 47 | Δομινικανή Δημοκρατία | Dominikaní Dimokratía | Francia Jackson | Volleyball | |
| 48 | Ελ Σαλβαδόρ | El Salvadór | Evelyn García | Cycling | |
| 49 | Ελβετία | Elvetía | Roger Federer | Tennis | |
| 50 | Ερυθραία | Erythraía | Yonas Kifle | Athletics | |
| 51 | Εσθονία | Esthonía | Erki Nool | Athletics | |
| 52 | Ζάμπια | Zámbia | Davis Mwale | Boxing | |
| 53 | Ζιμπάμπουε | Zimbáboue | Young Talkmore Nyongani | Athletics | |
| 54 | Ηνωμένα Αραβικά Εμιράτα | Inoména Araviká Emiráta | Saeed Al Maktoum | Shooting | |
| 55 | Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες Αμερικής | Inoménes Politeíes Amerikís | Dawn Staley | Basketball | |
| 56 | Ιαπωνία | Iaponía | Kyoko Hamaguchi | Wrestling | |
| 57 | Ινδία | Indía | Anju Bobby George | Athletics | |
| 58 | Ινδονησία | Indonisía | Christian Hadinata | Badminton (coach)[5][6] | |
| 59 | Ιορδανία | Iordanía | Khalil Al Hanahneh | Athletics | |
| 60 | Ιράκ | Irák | Hadir Lazame | Judo | |
| 61 | Ισλαμική Δημοκρατία του Ιράν | Islamikí Dimokratía tou Irán | Arash Miresmaeli | Judo | |
| 62 | Ιρλανδία | Irlandía | Niall Griffin | Equestrian | |
| 63 | Ισημερινή Γουινέα | Isimeriní Gouinéa | Emilia Mikue Ondo | Athletics | |
| 64 | Ισημερινός | Isimerinós | Alexandra Escobar | Weightlifting | |
| 65 | Ισλανδία | Islandía | Gudmundur Hrafnkelsson | Handball | |
| 66 | Ισπανία | Ispanía | Isabel Fernández | Judo | |
| 67 | Ισραήλ | Israíl | Ariel Ze'evi | Judo | |
| 68 | Ιταλία | Italía | Jury Chechi | Gymnastics | |
| 69 | Καζακστάν | Kazakstán | Askhat Zhitkeyev | Judo | |
| 70 | Καμερούν | Kameroún | Vencelas Dabaya | Weightlifting | |
| 71 | Καμπότζη | Kambótzi | Hem Kiri | Swimming | |
| 72 | Καναδάς | Kanadás | Nicolas Gill | Judo | |
| 73 | Κατάρ | Katár | Khaled Habash Al-Suwaidi | Athletics | |
| 74 | Νήσοι Καϋμάν | Nísoi Kaÿmán | Cydonie Mothersille | Athletics | |
| 75 | Κεντροαφρικανική Δημοκρατία | Kendroafrikanikí Dimokratía | Ernest Ndjissipou | Athletics | |
| 76 | Κένυα | Kénya | Violet Barasa | Volleyball | |
| 77 | Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία της Κίνας | Laïkí Dimokratía tis Kínas | Yao Ming | Basketball | |
| 78 | Κιργιζιστάν | Kirgizistán | Mital Sharipov | Weightlifting | |
| 79 | Κιριμπάτι | Kiribáti | Meamea Thomas | Weightlifting | |
| 80 | Κολομβία | Kolomvía | Carmenza Delgado | Weightlifting | |
| 81 | Κομόρες | Komóres | Hadhari Djaffar | Athletics | |
| 82 | Κονγκό | Kongó | Rony Bakale | Swimming | |
| 83 | Λαοκρατική Δημοκρατία της Κορέας | Laokratikí Dimokratía tis Koréas | Kim Song-ho | Non-participant (NOC official) | |
| 84 | Κορέα | Koréa | Ku Min-jung | Volleyball | |
| 85 | Κόστα Ρίκα | Kósta Ríka | David Fernández | Judo | |
| 86 | Κούβα | Koúva | Iván Pedroso | Athletics | |
| 87 | Κουβέιτ | Kouvéit | Fehaid Al-Deehani | Shooting | |
| 88 | Νήσοι Κουκ | Nísoi Kouk | Sam Nunuke Pera | Weightlifting | |
| 89 | Κροατία | Kroatía | Dubravko Šimenc | Water polo | |
| 90 | Κύπρος | Kýpros | Georgios Achilleos | Shooting | |
| 91 | Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία του Λάος | Laïkí Dimokratía tou Láos | Chamleunesouk Ao Oudomphonh | Athletics | |
| 92 | Λεσόθο | Lesótho | Lineo Mochesane | Taekwondo | |
| 93 | Λεττονία | Lettonía | Vadims Vasiļevskis | Athletics | |
| 94 | Λευκορωσία | Lefkorosía | Alexander Medved | Wrestling | |
| 95 | Λίβανος | Lívanos | Jean Claude Rabbath | Athletics | |
| 96 | Λιβερία | Livería | Christopher Sayeh[8] | Non-participant | |
| 97 | Λιβυκή Αραβική Τζαμαχαρία | Livykí Aravikí Tzamacharía | Mohamed Eshtiwi | Weightlifting | |
| 98 | Λιθουανία | Lithouanía | Saulius Štombergas | Basketball | |
| 99 | Λιχτενστάιν | Lichtenstáin | Oliver Geissmann | Shooting | |
| 100 | Λουξεμβούργο | Louxemvoúrgo | Claudine Schaul | Tennis | |
| 101 | Μαδαγασκάρη | Madagaskári | Rosa Rakotozafy | Athletics | |
| 102 | Μαλαισία | Malaisía | Bryan Nickson Lomas | Diving | |
| 103 | Μαλάουι | Maláoui | Kondwani Chiwina | Athletics | |
| 104 | Μαλδίβες | Maldíves | Sultan Saeed | Athletics | |
| 105 | Μαλί | Malí | Kadiatou Camara | Athletics | |
| 106 | Μάλτα | Málta | William Chetcuti | Shooting | |
| 107 | Μαρόκο | Maróko | Nezha Bidouane | Athletics | |
| 108 | Μαυρίκιος | Mavríkios | Michael Medor | Boxing | |
| 109 | Μαυριτανία | Mavritanía | Youba Hmeida | Athletics | |
| 110 | Μεγάλη Βρετανία | Megáli Vretanía | Kate Howey | Judo | |
| 111 | Μεξικό | Mexikó | Fernando Platas | Diving | |
| 112 | Ομόσπονδες Πολιτείες της Μικρονησίας | Omóspondes Politeíes tis Mikronisías | Manuel Minginfel | Weightlifting | |
| 113 | Μογγολία | Mongolía | Damdinsürengiin Nyamkhüü | Judo | |
| 114 | Μοζαμβίκη | Mozamvíki | Kurt Couto | Athletics | |
| 115 | Μολδαβία | Moldavía | Oleg Moldovan | Shooting | |
| 116 | Μονακό | Monakó | Sébastien Gattuso | Athletics | |
| 117 | Μπαγκλαντές | Bangladés | Asif Hossain Khan | Shooting | |
| 118 | Μπαρμπάντος | Barbádos | Michael Maskell | Shooting | |
| 119 | Μπαχάμες | Bachámes | Debbie Ferguson | Athletics | |
| 120 | Μπαχρέιν | Bachréin | Ahmed Hamada Jassim | Athletics | |
| 121 | Μπελίζε | Belíze | Emma Wade | Athletics | |
| 122 | Μπενίν | Benín | Fabienne Feraez | Athletics | |
| 123 | Μποτσουάνα | Botsouána | Khumiso Ikgopoleng | Boxing | |
| 124 | Μπουρκίνα Φάσο | Bourkína Fáso | Mamadou Ouedraogo | Swimming | |
| 125 | Μπουρούντι | Bouroúndi | Emery Nziyunvira | Swimming | |
| 126 | Μπουτάν | Boután | Tshering Chhoden | Archery | |
| 127 | Μπρουνέι | Brounéi | Jimmy Anak Ahar | Athletics | |
| 128 | Μυανμάρ | Myanmár | U Hla Win | Weightlifting (coach) | |
| 129 | Ναμίμπια | Namíbia | Paulus Ambunda | Boxing | |
| 130 | Ναουρού | Naouroú | Yukio Peter | Weightlifting | |
| 131 | Νέα Ζηλανδία | Néa Zilandía | Beatrice Faumuina | Athletics | |
| 132 | Νεπάλ | Nepál | Rajendra Bahadur Bhandari | Athletics | |
| 133 | Νίγηρας | Nígiras | Abdou Alassane Dji Bo | Judo | |
| 134 | Νιγηρία | Nigiría | Mary Onyali-Omagbemi | Athletics | |
| 135 | Νικαράγουα | Nikarágoua | Svitlana Kashchenko | Shooting | |
| 136 | Νορβηγία | Norvigía | Harald Stenvaag | Shooting | |
| 137 | Νότιος Αφρική | Nótios Afrikí | Mbulaeni Mulaudzi | Athletics | |
| 138 | Ολλανδία | Ollandía | Mark Huizinga | Judo | |
| 139 | Ολλανδικές Αντίλλες | Ollandikés Antílles | Churandy Martina | Athletics | |
| 140 | Ομάν | Omán | Hamoud Abdallah Al-Dalhami | Athletics | |
| 141 | Ονδούρα | Ondoúra | Iizzwa Medina | Table tennis | |
| 142 | Ουγγαρία | Oungaría | Antal Kovács | Judo | |
| 143 | Ουγκάντα | Ougánda | Joseph Lubega | Boxing | |
| 144 | Ουζμπεκιστάν | Ouzbekistán | Abdullo Tangriev | Judo | |
| 145 | Ουκρανία | Oukranía | Denys Sylantyev | Swimming | |
| 146 | Ουρουγουάη | Ourougouái | Serrana Fernández | Swimming | |
| 147 | Πακιστάν | Pakistán | Mohammad Nadeem | Field hockey | |
| 148 | Παλαιστίνη | Palaistíni | Sanna Abubkheet | Athletics | |
| 149 | Παλάου | Paláou | John Tarkong | Wrestling | |
| 150 | Παναμάς | Panamás | Eileen Coparropa | Swimming | |
| 151 | Παπούα-Νέα Γουινέα | Papoúa-Néa Gouinéa | Dika Toua | Weightlifting | |
| 152 | Παραγουάη | Paragouái | Rocio Rivarola | Rowing | |
| 153 | Παρθένοι Νήσοι | Parthénoi Nísoi | La Verne Jones | Athletics | |
| 154 | Περού | Peroú | Francisco Boza | Shooting | |
| 155 | Πολωνία | Polonía | Bartosz Kizierowski | Swimming | |
| 156 | Πορτογαλία | Portogalía | Nuno Delgado | Judo | |
| 157 | Πουέρτο Ρίκο | Pouérto Ríko | Carlos Arroyo | Basketball | |
| 158 | Πρώην Γιουγκοσλαβική Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας | Próin Giougoslavikí Dimokratía tis Makedonías | Blagoja Georgievski | Basketball (referee) | |
| 159 | Ρουάντα | Rouánda | Mathias Ntawulikura | Athletics | |
| 160 | Ρουμανία | Roumanía | Elisabeta Lipă | Rowing | |
| 161 | Ρωσική Ομοσπονδία | Rosikí Omospondia | Alexander Popov | Swimming | |
| 162 | Σαιντ Κιτς και Νέβις | Saint Kits kai Névis | Kim Collins | Athletics | |
| 163 | Σαμόα | Samóa | Uati Maposua | Weightlifting | |
| 164 | Σάο Τομέ και Πρίνσιπε | Sáo Tomé kai Prínsipe | Fumilay Fonseca | Athletics | |
| 165 | Σαουδική Αραβία | Saoudikí Aravía | Hadi Soua An Al Somaily | Athletics | |
| 166 | Σενεγάλη | Senegáli | Malick Fall | Swimming | |
| 167 | Σερβία και Μαυροβούνιο | Servía kai Mavrovoúnio | Dejan Bodiroga | Basketball | |
| 168 | Σεϋχέλλες | Seÿchélles | Allan Julie | Sailing | |
| 169 | Σιγκαπούρη | Singapoúri | Ronald Susilo | Badminton | |
| 170 | Σιέρρα Λεόνε | Siérra Leóne | Hawanatu Bangura | Athletics | |
| 171 | Σλοβακία | Slovakía | Michal Martikán | Canoeing | |
| 172 | Σλοβενία | Slovenía | Beno Lapajne | Handball | |
| 173 | Νήσοι Σολομώντος | Nísoi Solomóndos | Francis Manioru | Athletics | |
| 174 | Σομαλία | Somalía | Mohamed Ahmed Alim | Non-participant (head coach) | |
| 175 | Σουαζιλάνδη | Souazilándi | Gcinile Moyane | Athletics | |
| 176 | Σουδάν | Soudán | Todd Matthews Jouda | Athletics | |
| 177 | Σουηδία | Souidía | Lars Frölander | Swimming | |
| 178 | Σουρινάμ | Sourinám | Letitia Vriesde | Athletics | |
| 179 | Σρι Λάνκα | Sri Lánka | Susanthika Jayasinghe | Athletics | |
| 180 | Αραβική Δημοκρατία της Συρίας | Aravikí Dimokratía tis Syrías | Mohammad Hazzory | Athletics | |
| 181 | Κινεζική Ταϊπέι | Kinezikí Taïpéi | Chen Chih-yuan | Baseball | |
| 182 | Τανζανία | Tanzanía | Restituta Joseph | Athletics | |
| 183 | Τατζικιστάν | Tatzikistán | Nargis Nabieva | Archery | |
| 184 | Ταϊλάνδη | Tailándi | Paradorn Srichaphan | Tennis | |
| 185 | Τζαμάικα | Tzamáika | Sandie Richards | Athletics | |
| 186 | Τζιμπουτί | Tziboutí | Zeinab Mohamed Khaireh | Non-participant | |
| 187 | Ανατολικό Τιμόρ | Anatolikó Timór | Agueda Amaral | Athletics | |
| 188 | Τόγκα | Tónga | Ma'afu Hawke | Boxing | |
| 189 | Τόγκο | Tógo | Jan Sekpona | Athletics | |
| 190 | Τουρκία | Tourkía | Ali Enver Adakan | Sailing | |
| 191 | Τουρκμενιστάν | Tourkmenistán | Shohrat Kurbanov | Boxing | |
| 192 | Τρινιντάντ και Τομπάγκο | Trinidád kai Tobágo | Ato Boldon | Athletics | |
| 193 | Τσαντ | Tsad | Kaltouma Nadjina | Athletics | |
| 194 | Δημοκρατία της Τσεχίας | Dimokratía tis Tsechías | Květoslav Svoboda | Swimming | |
| 195 | Τυνησία | Tynisía | Noureddine Hfaiedh | Volleyball | |
| 196 | Υεμένη | Yeméni | Akram Abdullah | Taekwondo | |
| 197 | Φιλιππίνες | Filippínes | Romeo Brin[9][10] | Boxing | |
| 198 | Φινλανδία | Finlandía | Thomas Johanson | Sailing | |
| 199 | Φίτζι | Fítzi | Sisilia Nasiga | Judo | |
| 200 | Χιλή | Chilí | Kristel Köbrich | Swimming | |
| 201 | Χονγκ Κονγκ, Κίνα | Chong Kong, Kína | Sherry Tsai | Swimming | |
| 202 | Ελλάς | Ellás | Pyrros Dimas | Weightlifting |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "'Symbolic day': IOC sends out invitations to Athens 2004". Sports Illustrated. CNN. 13 August 2003. Archived from the original on August 19, 2004. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
- ^ "Eligible for Athens: Afghanistan welcomed back into IOC fold". Sports Illustrated. CNN. 29 June 2003. Archived from the original on 27 March 2005. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
- ^ a b "2004 Athens: Flag Bearers for the Opening Ceremony". Olympics. 13 August 2004. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
- ^ "Flagbearers for 2004 Summer Olympics". olympedia.org. OlyMADMen. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- ^ "Pembukaan Olimpiade Athena Meriah". BBC. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
- ^ Krisna Bayu was originally appointed to be the flag bearer for Indonesia, but was unable to do so because of flu.
- ^ a b North Korea and South Korea marched under Korean unification flag, but competed separately.
- ^ "Christopher Sayeh". olympedia.org. OlyMADMen. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- ^ Christopher Camat was appointed to be the flag bearer for the Philippines, but Brin replaced him as the former decided to see action the day after the opening ceremonies.
- ^ "What has happened since '96?". GMA News Online. 7 August 2008.