The Confession of Faith (1689), also known as the 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith,[1][2] or the Second London Baptist Confession of Faith (to distinguish it from the 1644 London Baptist Confession of Faith), is a Particular Baptist confession of faith. It was written by English Baptists who subscribed to a Calvinistic soteriology as well as to a covenantal (yet non-Westminsterian) systematic theology. Because it was adopted by the Philadelphia Association of Baptist Churches in the 18th century, it is also known as the Philadelphia Confession of Faith.[3] The Philadelphia Confession, however, was a modification of the Second London Confession; it added an allowance for the singing of hymns, psalms, and spiritual songs in the Lord's Supper and made optional the laying on of hands in baptism.[4]
History
editThe Confession was first published in London in 1677 under the title "A confession of Faith put forth by the Elders and Brethren of many Congregations of Christians, Baptized upon Profession of their Faith in London and the Country.[5] With an Appendix concerning Baptism."[3] It was a revision of the Savoy Declaration (1658) with modifications to reflect Baptist theology.[3] Savoy is itself a revision of the Westminster Confession (1646) from presbyterian to congregational church polity. The Confession was published again, under the same title, in 1688 and 1689.[3][6]
The Act of Toleration passed by the Parliament of England in 1689 enabled religious freedom and plurality to co-exist alongside the established churches in England and Scotland. In response to the Act, representatives from over 100 Particular Baptist churches gathered in London from 3–12 September of 1689 to discuss and endorse the 1677 document. Thus, despite the fact that the document was written in 1677, the official preface to the Confession has ensured that it would be known as the "1689 Baptist Confession of Faith."[6]
Contents
editThe Confession consists of 32 chapters, as well as an introduction and a list of signatories.
- Of the Holy Scriptures
- Of God and the Holy Trinity
- Of God's Decree
- Of Creation
- Of Divine Providence
- Of the Fall of Man, of Sin, and of the Punishment Thereof
- Of God's Covenant
- Of Christ the Mediator
- Of Free Will
- Of Effectual Calling
- Of Justification
- Of Adoption
- Of Sanctification
- Of Saving Faith
- Of Repentance Unto Life and Salvation
- Of Good Works
- Of the Perseverance of the Saints
- Of the Assurance of Grace and Salvation
- Of the Law of God
- Of the Gospel and the Extent of Grace
- Of Christian Liberty and Liberty of Conscience
- Of Religious Worship and the Sabbath Day
- Of Lawful Oaths and Vows
- Of the Civil Magistrate
- Of Marriage
- Of the Church
- Of the Communion of Saints
- Of Baptism and the Lord's Supper
- Of Baptism
- Of the Lord's Supper
- Of the State of Man After Death, and of the Resurrection of the Dead
- Of the Last Judgment
Distinctives
edit- The law's continued value for Christians - while Christ "abrogated" the Levitical ceremonial laws, the Confession cites Christ to have "strengthened this obligation" to obey the "moral" law expressed in the Ten Commandments, which "for ever binds all."[7]
- Forbids prayers for the dead, whether faithful or damned.[8]
- Sabbatarianism - A weekly Sabbath day is prescribed and believed "to be continued to the end of the world" but a 7th year annual sabbath is ignored (cf. Lev. 25ff.)[9]
- Marriage is a monogamous heterosexual ordinance.[10]
- Intermarriage - Christians ought not intermarry with other religions, nor with any who believe "damnable heresies," but are to marry "in the Lord," and thereby not be "unequally yoked."[11]
- Two church offices - (1) elders (also called "bishops" or "pastors") and (2) deacons.[12]
- Eternal torment.[13]
- An open view on the millennium. The Confession does not espouse a particular view on the millennium (cf. chapter 32).[13]
Influences
editParticular Baptists were quick to develop churches in colonial America, and in 1707 the Philadelphia Baptist Association was formed.[14] This association formally adopted the 1689 Confession in 1742[14] after years of tacit endorsement by individual churches and congregational members. With the addition of two chapters (on the singing of psalms and the laying on of hands), it was retitled The Philadelphia Confession of Faith.[15] Further Calvinistic Baptist church associations formed in the mid-late 18th century adopted the Confession as "The Baptist Confession."[16]
Current usage
editBaptist churches around the world continue to subscribe to the 1689 Baptist Confession as the fullest statement of their beliefs. Many 1689 churches are listed in directories like the Reformed Wiki, the Farese Church Directory and the 1689 Church Directory.
Modernizations
editEfforts have been made in recent years to modernize the language of the 1689 Baptist Confession to make it more accessible to contemporary readers. Some approaches are rather free, such as SM Houghton's A Faith to Confess, while others, such as Jeremy Walker's Rooted and Grounded, are more conservative. Still others, like Stan Reeve's The 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith In Modern English lie somewhere between. A comparison from the first paragraph demonstrates this:
". . . which maketh the Holy Scriptures to be most necessary, those former ways of God's revealing His will unto His people being now ceased." (Banner of Truth, 1689)[17]
"And as the manner in which God formerly revealed His will has long ceased, the Holy Scripture becomes absolutely essential to men." (A Faith to Confess, 1975)[18]
"This means that the Holy Scriptures are most necessary, because God’s former ways of revealing his will to his people have now ended." (Rooted and Grounded, 2021)[19]
"Therefore, the Holy Scriptures are absolutely necessary, because God's former ways of revealing His will to His people have now ceased." (The 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith in Modern English, 2017)[20]
Modern expositions
editSeveral expositions of the 2LBCF have been published in recent years.
A Modern Exposition of the 1689 Baptist Confession, by Samuel Waldron, first published in 1989, was one of the first influential expositions of the confession in recent years.[21] It has remained an influential work ever since, going through several editions, revisions, and corrections. Since it was first published, reformed Baptist scholarship has matured in several respects, particularly regarding covenant theology.[22] Nevertheless, it remains a respected source for understanding the theology of the 2LBCF.
A New Exposition of the London Baptist Confession of Faith, edited by Rob Ventura, is a collection of essays written by various reformed Baptist pastors and scholars expounding upon the theology of the 2LBCF.[23]
To the Judicious and Impartial Reader, by James Renihan is part of a multi-volume series covering 17th century reformed Baptist documents.[24] Renihan's work is much larger than that of Waldron or Ventura.
References
edit- ^ The 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith, Documents, Reformed
- ^ . 1689 – via Wikisource.
- ^ a b c d Schaff, Philip (1877). "The Baptist Confession of 1688 (The Philadelphia Confession)". The Creeds of Christendom (entry). Vol. 3 - The Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches. New York: Harper & Bros. pp. 651–. ISBN 978-1-61025-039-9.
- ^ Leonard, Bill J (2012). Baptists in America. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231501712.
- ^ James Leo Garrett, Baptist Theology: A Four-century Study, Mercer University Press, USA, 2009, p. 72
- ^ a b J. Gordon Melton, Faiths Across Time, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2014, p. 1258
- ^ "The 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith, Chapter 19 Of the Law of God, Paragraph 3, 5". 14 May 2017.
- ^ "Chapter 22 of Religious Worship and the Sabbath Day, Paragraph 4". 11 May 2017.
- ^ "Chapter 22 of Religious Worship and the Sabbath Day, Paragraph 7". 11 May 2017.
- ^ "Chapter 25 of Marriage, Paragraph 1". 8 May 2017.
- ^ "Chapter 25 of Marriage, Paragraph 3". 8 May 2017.
- ^ "1689 Baptist Confession of Faith, Chapter 26 Of the Church, Paragraph 9, 11". 7 May 2017.
- ^ a b "The 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith, Chapter 32 Of the Last Judgement, Paragraph 2". May 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
- ^ a b Reid, DG; Linder, RD; Shelley, BL; Stout, HS (1990), Dictionary of Christianity in America, Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.
- ^ "The Philadelphia Confession of Faith". The Spurgeon Archive. Archived from the original on 1 July 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
- ^ William Cathcart, The Baptist Encyclopedia - Volume 2, The Baptist Standard Bearer, USA, 2001, p. 573
- ^ The Baptist Confession of Faith. 6 September 2018.
- ^ "SGCB | A FAITH TO CONFESS: The 1689 London Baptist Confession in Modern English". www.solid-ground-books.com. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ www.thoughtcollective.com, Thought Collective. "Rooted and Grounded by Jeremy Walker". 10ofthose.com. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ Reeves, Stan (2017). The 1689 Baptist Confession in Modern English. Cape Coral, FL: Founder's PRess. ISBN 978-1-943539-04-8.
- ^ Waldron, Samuel (2016). A modern Exposition of the 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith (5th ed.). Welwyn Garden City, UK, AL7 1TS: EP Books. pp. cover page. ISBN 978-1-78397-187-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Waldron, Samuel (2016). A Modern Exposition of the 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith (5th ed.). Welwyn Garden City, UK, AL7 1TS: EP Books. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-78397-187-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Ventura, Rob (2022). A New Exposition of London Baptist Confession of Faith of 1689. Geanies House, Fearn, Ross-shire, IV20 1TW, Scotland, UK: Mentor. ISBN 978-1-5271-0890-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Renihan, James (2022). To the Judicious and Impartial Reader. Cape Coral, FL: Founders Press. ISBN 978-1-943539-34-5.