The Kingdom of France (the remnant of the preceding absolutist Kingdom of France) was a constitutional monarchy from 3 September 1791 until 21 September 1792, when it was succeeded by the French First Republic.
Kingdom of France Royaume de France (French) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1791–1792 | |||||||||
| Motto: La Nation, la Loi, le Roi "The Nation, the Law, the King" | |||||||||
| Anthem: Marche Henri IV (1590–1830) "March of Henry IV" | |||||||||
 Kingdom of France, September 1791 – September 1792 | |||||||||
| Capital | Paris | ||||||||
| Common languages | French | ||||||||
| Religion | Constitutional[1] | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | French | ||||||||
| Government | Parliamentary constitutional monarchy | ||||||||
| King of the French | |||||||||
• 1791–1792 | Louis XVI | ||||||||
| Legislature | Legislative Assembly | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
| 20–21 June 1791 | |||||||||
| 3 September 1791 | |||||||||
| 10 August 1792 | |||||||||
| 21 September 1792 | |||||||||
| Currency | Assignat | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Constitutional Cabinet of Louis XVI | |
|---|---|
 Cabinet of Kingdom of France | |
 | |
| Date formed | 3 September 1791 |
| Date dissolved | 21 September 1792 |
| People and organisations | |
| Head of state | King Louis XVI |
| Head of government | King Louis XVI |
| No. of ministers | 5 |
| Ministers removed | 19 |
| Total no. of members | 24 |
| Member party | Independents, Feuillants, Moderate Jacobins (1792) |
| Status in legislature | Legislative Assembly |
| Opposition party | Jacobins |
| Opposition leader | Georges Couthon, Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud and others |
| History | |
| Election | 1791 |
| Legislature term | 6 September 1791 – 2 September 1792 |
| Successor | Government of the National Convention |
On 3 September 1791, the National Constituent Assembly forced King Louis XVI to accept the French Constitution of 1791, thus turning the absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy.
After the 10 August 1792 Storming of the Tuileries Palace, the Legislative Assembly on 11 August 1792 suspended this constitutional monarchy.[2] The freshly elected National Convention abolished the monarchy on 21 September 1792, ending 203 years of consecutive Bourbon rule over France.
Background
editSince 1789, France had been undergoing a revolution in its government and social orders. A National Assembly declared itself into being and promulgated their intention to provide France with a fair and liberal constitution.[3] Louis XVI moved to Paris in October of that year, but grew to detest Paris, and organised an escape plot in 1791. The plot, known as the Flight to Varennes, ultimately failed to materialise and severely damaged any positive public opinion for the monarchy.[4] Louis XVIi's brothers-in-exile in Koblenz rallied for an invasion of France. Austria and Prussia responded to the royal brothers' appeals and released the Declaration of Pillnitz in August. The declaration stated that Prussia and Austria wished to restore Louis XVI to absolute power but would only attempt to do so with the assistance of the other European powers.[5]
Constitution
editLouis XVI was forced to submit to the Constitution of 1791 by the National Assembly in the aftermath of his Flight to Varennes.[6] The Constitution of 1791, which established the Kingdom of the French, was revolutionary in its content. It abolished the nobility of France and declared all men to be equal before the law. Louis XVI had the ability to veto legislation that he did not approve of, as legislation still needed Royal Assent to come into force.[7]
Republic
editLouis XVI reluctantly declared war on Austria on 20 April 1792, bowing to the Assembly's wishes. Prussia allied with Austria and therefore France was at war with Prussia as well.[8] The Duke of Brunswick, Commander of the Austrian and Prussian military, issued the Brunswick Manifesto in 1792; it brought about the Storming of the Tuileries on the 10th of August. The manifesto explicitly threatened the people of Paris with dire repercussions if they in any way harmed Louis XVI or his family.[9] The Legislative Assembly was inundated with requests for the monarchy's demise. The President of the National Assembly responded by suspending the monarchy on 11 August, pending the outcome of elections for another assembly.[2] The newly elected National Convention, elected under universal male suffrage, abolished the monarchy on 21 September 1792 and proclaimed a republic.[10] Louis was executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793.
| Portfolio | Minister | Took office | Left office | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| King of the French | 6 September 1791 | 2 September 1792 | N/A | ||
| Minister of Finances | 29 May 1791 | 24 March 1792 | Feuillant | ||
| 24 March 1792 | 13 June 1792 | Girondins | |||
| 13 June 1792 | 18 June 1792 | Girondins | |||
| 18 June 1792 | 29 July 1792 | Independent | |||
| 29 July 1792 | 10 August 1792 | Independent | |||
| Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs | 29 November 1791 | 15 March 1792 | Feuillant | ||
| 15 March 1792 | 13 June 1792 | Girondins | |||
| 13 June 1792 | 18 June 1792 | Independent | |||
| 18 June 1792 | 23 July 1792 | Girondins | |||
| 23 July 1792 | 1 August 1792 | Feuillant | |||
| Secretary of State for War | 7 December 1791 | 9 March 1792 | Feuillant | ||
| 9 March 1792 | 9 May 1792 | Feuillant | |||
| 9 May 1792 | 13 June 1792 | Girondins | |||
| 13 June 1792 | 18 June 1792 | Girondins | |||
| 18 June 1792 | 23 July 1792 | Feuillant | |||
| 23 July 1792 | 10 August 1792 | Feuillant | |||
| Secretary of State of the Navy | 18 September 1791 | 7 October 1791 | Feuillant | ||
| 7 October 1791 | 16 March 1792 | Feuillant | |||
| 16 March 1792 | 21 July 1792 | Independent | |||
| 21 July 1792 | 10 August 1792 | Feuillant | |||
| Keeper of the Seals | 21 November 1790 | 23 March 1792 | Feuillant | ||
| 16 March 1792 | 14 April 1792 | Girondins | |||
| 14 April 1792 | 4 July 1792 | Girondins | |||
| 4 July 1792 | 10 August 1792 | Feuillant | |||
See also
editCitations
edit- ^ Popkin, Jeremy D. (1 January 2010). A short history of the French Revolution. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-2056-9357-3. OCLC 780111354.
- ^ a b Fraser, 454
- ^ Hibbert, 63
- ^ Hibbert, 130
- ^ Hibbert, 143
- ^ Jones, 426
- ^ The Constitution of 1791 Archived 17 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Hibbert, 145
- ^ Jones, 459
- ^ Jones, 462
References
edit- Fraser, Antonia: "Marie Antoinette: the Journey", Orion Books, London, 2001, ISBN 978-0-7538-1305-8
- Hibbert, Christopher: "The French Revolution", Penguin Books, Great Britain, 1982, ISBN 978-0-1400-4945-9
- Jones, Colin: "The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon", Columbia University Press, New York, 2002, ISBN 0-2311-2882-7