The Anglian Stage is the name used in the British Isles for a middle Pleistocene glaciation. It precedes the Hoxnian Stage and follows the Cromerian Stage in the British Isles. It correlates to Marine Isotope Stage 12 (MIS 12),[1][2][3] which started about 478,000 years ago and ended about 424,000 years ago.[4][5]
| Anglian | |
|---|---|
| Usage information | |
| Celestial body | Earth |
| Regional usage | Regional |
| Time scale(s) used | British Isles |
| Used by |  United Kingdom |
| Definition | |
| Chronological unit | Age |
| Stratigraphic unit | Stage |
Description
editThe Anglian stage has often been correlated to the Elsterian Stage of northern Continental Europe and the Mindel Stage in the Alps.[6]
The Anglian was the most extreme glaciation during the last two million years. In Britain the ice sheet reached the Isles of Scilly and the Western Approaches, the furthest south the ice reached in any Pleistocene ice age.[7] In the south-east of England it diverted the River Thames from its old course through the Vale of St Albans south to its present position.[8]
This stage had been equated to the Kansan Stage in North America. The stage names "Kansan", "Yarmouth", "Nebraskan" and "Aftonian" were later abandoned by North American Quaternary geologists and merged into the Pre-Illinoian stage.[9][10] The Anglian Stage is now correlated with the period of time which includes the Pre-Illinoian B glaciation of North America.[3][10]
See also
editSee also
edit- Pleistocene, which covers:
| Region | Glacial 1 | Glacial 2 | Glacial 3 | Glacial 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alps | Günz | Mindel | Riss | Würm |
| North Europe | Eburonian | Elsterian | Saalian | Weichselian |
| British Isles | Beestonian | Anglian | Wolstonian | Devensian |
| Midwest U.S. | Nebraskan | Kansan | Illinoian | Wisconsinan |
| Region | Interglacial 1 | Interglacial 2 | Interglacial 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alps | Günz-Mindel | Mindel-Riss | Riss-Würm |
| North Europe | Waalian | Holsteinian | Eemian |
| British Isles | Cromerian | Hoxnian | Ipswichian |
| Midwest U.S. | Aftonian | Yarmouthian | Sangamonian |
References
edit- ^ McMillan, A.A. (2005). "A provisional Quaternary and Neogene lithostratigraphic framework Great Britain". Netherland Journal of Geosciences. 84 (2): 87–107. doi:10.1017/S0016774600022988.
- ^ Walker, M. (2005). Quaternary Dating Methods. Chichester UK: Wiley. ISBN 0-470-86927-5.
- ^ a b Gibbard, P.L.; Boreham, S.; Cohen, K.M.; Moscariello, A. (2007). "Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years". Cambridge UK: Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge. Archived from the original (JPG 844 kb) on 2008-09-10.
- ^ Lisiecki, L.E. (2005) Ages of MIS boundaries. LR04 Benthic Stack Boston MA:Boston University
- ^ Lisiecki, L.E.; Raymo, M.E. (2005). "A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic d18O records" (PDF). Paleoceanography. 20: PA1003. Bibcode:2005PalOc..20.1003L. doi:10.1029/2004PA001071. hdl:2027.42/149224. S2CID 12788441.
- ^ Böse et al. (2012), Quaternary Glaciations of Northern Europe, Quaternary Science Reviews 44, page 17-22.
- ^ Scourse, JD (ed) (2006) The Isles of Scilly: Field Guide. Quaternary Research Association, London, 2006.
- ^ "Greater London". Natural England. Archived from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ Hallberg, G.R. (1986). "Pre-Wisconsin glacial stratigraphy of the Central Plains region in Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri". Quaternary Science Reviews. 5: 11–15. Bibcode:1986QSRv....5...11H. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(86)90169-1.
- ^ a b Richmond, G.M.; Fullerton, D.S. (1986). "Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America". Quaternary Science Reviews. 5: 183–196. Bibcode:1986QSRv....5..183R. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(86)90184-8.
Further reading
edit- Bowen, D.Q. (1978). Quaternary geology: a stratigraphic framework for multidisciplinary work. Oxford UK: Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-020409-3.
- Bridgland, D. R. (1994). Quaternary of the Thames. London, UK: Chapman and Hall.
- Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L., eds. (2004). Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 2: Part II North America. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-51462-7.
- Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L.; Rose, J., eds. (1991). Glacial deposits in Great Britain and Ireland. Rotterdam: Balkema. ISBN 978-90-6191-875-2.
- Mangerud, J.; Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P., eds. (2004). Quaternary Glaciations : Extent and Chronology 1: Part I Europe. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-51462-7.
- Sibrava, V.; Bowen, D.Q.; Richmond, G.M. (1986). "Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere". Quaternary Science Reviews. 5: 1–514. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(86)80002-6.
External links
edit- Aber, J.S. (2006). "Regional Glaciation of Kansas and Nebraska". Emporia KS: Emporia State University. Archived from the original on 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
- Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (2007). "Global correlation tables for the Quaternary". Cambridge UK: Department of Geography, University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 2008-11-06.
- Gibbard, P. (2007). "How Britain Became An Island: The report". Cambridge UK: Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group.
- Gibbard, P. (2008). "Map 5. Palaeogeography of the Elsterian / Anglian / Oka Stage". North West European Rivers. Cambridge UK: Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group. (Includes PDF file of map)
- Rolfe, C.; et al. (2004). "Annotated photographs of the North Norfolk coast". Cambridge UK: Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group.
- Roy, M.; Clark, P.U.; Barendregt, R.W.; Glasmann, J.R.; Enkin, R.J. (2004). "Glacial stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of late Cenozoic deposits of the north-central United States" (PDF). Geological Society of America Bulletin. 116 (1–2): 30–41. Bibcode:2004GSAB..116...30R. doi:10.1130/B25325.1. Archived from the original (PDF 1.2 Mb) on 2018-09-28. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
- Shotton, F.W., nd, East Anglia and the English Midlands. Ice Age Britain., The Shotton Project, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England.