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[[File:044 Dracunculus vulgaris at Akrotiri peninsula, Crete, Greece.jpg|thumb|220px|Snake lily (''[[Dracunculus vulgaris]]'') of [[Araceae]] family in [[Crete]], [[Greece]].]]
[[File:044 Dracunculus vulgaris at Akrotiri peninsula, Crete, Greece.jpg|thumb|220px|Snake lily (''[[Dracunculus vulgaris]]'') of [[Araceae]] family in [[Crete]], [[Greece]].]]
[[File:Ottelia alismoides W IMG 0915.jpg|thumb|220px|''[[Ottelia alismoides]]'' from family [[Hydrocharitaceae]] in [[Hyderabad, India]].]]
[[File:Ottelia alismoides W IMG 0915.jpg|thumb|220px|''[[Ottelia alismoides]]'' from family [[Hydrocharitaceae]] in [[Hyderabad, India]].]]

'''Alismatales''' ('''alismatids''') is an order of [[flowering plant]]s including about 4500 species. Plants assigned to this order are mostly tropical or aquatic. Some grow in fresh water, some in marine habitats.
The '''Alismatales''' ('''alismatids''') are an order of [[flowering plant]]s including about 4500 species. Plants assigned to this order are mostly tropical or aquatic. Some grow in fresh water, some in marine habitats.


==Description==
==Description==
Alismatales comprise [[herbaceous]] flowering plants of aquatic and marshy habitats, and the only monocots known to have green [[embryo]]s other than the [[Amaryllidaceae]]. They also include the only marine angiosperms.<ref>[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html -Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]</ref> The [[flower]]s are usually arranged in [[inflorescence]]s, and the mature seeds lack [[endosperm]].
The Alismatales comprise [[herbaceous]] flowering plants of aquatic and marshy habitats, and the only monocots known to have green [[embryo]]s other than the [[Amaryllidaceae]]. They also include the only marine angiosperms.<ref>[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html -Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]</ref> The [[flower]]s are usually arranged in [[inflorescence]]s, and the mature seeds lack [[endosperm]].


Both marine and freshwater forms include those with staminate flowers that detach from the parent plant and float to the surface where they become pollinated. In others, pollination occurs underwater where pollen may form elongated strands, increasing chance of success. Most aquatic species have a totally submerged juvenile phase, and flowers are either floating or emergent. Vegetation may be totally submersed, have floating leaves, or protrude from the water. Collectively they are commonly known as "water plantain".<ref>[http://www.eeb.uconn.edu/people/les/Manuscript_Files/Encyclopedia_Life_Sciences.pdf -Alismatales (Water Plantains)]</ref>
Both marine and freshwater forms include those with staminate flowers that detach from the parent plant and float to the surface where they become pollinated. In others, pollination occurs underwater, where pollen may form elongated strands, increasing chance of success. Most aquatic species have a totally submerged juvenile phase, and flowers are either floating or emergent. Vegetation may be totally submersed, have floating leaves, or protrude from the water. Collectively, they are commonly known as "water plantain".<ref>[http://www.eeb.uconn.edu/people/les/Manuscript_Files/Encyclopedia_Life_Sciences.pdf -Alismatales (Water Plantains)]</ref>


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
Alismatales contains about 165 genera in 13 families, with a [[cosmopolitan distribution]]. [[Phylogenetically]] it is a [[basal monocot]], diverging early in evolution relative to the [[lilioid]] and [[commelinid]] [[monocot]] lineages.{{sfn|Wilkin|Mayo|2013}} Together with the [[Acorales]], Alismatales are referred to informally as the alismatid monocots.{{sfn|RBG|2010}}
The Alismatales contain about 165 genera in 13 families, with a [[cosmopolitan distribution]]. [[Phylogenetically]], they are [[basal monocot]]s, diverging early in evolution relative to the [[lilioid]] and [[commelinid]] [[monocot]] lineages.{{sfn|Wilkin|Mayo|2013}} Together with the [[Acorales]], the Alismatales are referred to informally as the alismatid monocots.{{sfn|RBG|2010}}


===Early systems===
===Early systems===
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* [[Butomaceae]]
* [[Butomaceae]]
* [[Limnocharitaceae]]
* [[Limnocharitaceae]]
Cronquist's subclass [[Alismatidae]] conformed fairly closely to the order Alismatales as defined by APG, minus the Araceae.
Cronquist's subclass Alismatidae conformed fairly closely to the order Alismatales as defined by APG, minus the Araceae.


The [[Dahlgren system]] places the Alismatales in the superorder [[Alismatanae]] in the subclass [[Liliidae]] [= monocotyledons] in the class [[Magnoliopsida]] [= angiosperms] with the following families included:
The [[Dahlgren system]] places the Alismatales in the superorder [[Alismatanae]] in the subclass [[Liliidae]] [= monocotyledons] in the class [[Magnoliopsida]] [= angiosperms] with the following families included:
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* [[Limnocharitaceae]]
* [[Limnocharitaceae]]


In Tahktajan's classification (1997), the Order Alismatales contains only the Alismataceae and Limnocharitaceae making it equivalent to the Alismataceae as revised in APG-III. Other families included in the Alismatates as currently defined are here distributed among ten additional orders, all of which are assigned, with the following exception, to the Subclass Alismatidae. Araceae in Tahktajan 1997 is assigned to the [[Arales]] and placed in the Subclass Aridae; Tofieldiaceae to the [[Melanthiales]] and placed in the [[Liliidae]].<ref>[http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/newgate/cronang.htm -Flowering Plant Gateway]</ref>
In Tahktajan's classification (1997), the order Alismatales contains only the Alismataceae and Limnocharitaceae, making it equivalent to the Alismataceae as revised in APG-III. Other families included in the Alismatates as currently defined are here distributed among 10 additional orders, all of which are assigned, with the following exception, to the Subclass Alismatidae. Araceae in Tahktajan 1997 is assigned to the [[Arales]] and placed in the Subclass Aridae; Tofieldiaceae to the [[Melanthiales]] and placed in the [[Liliidae]].<ref>[http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/newgate/cronang.htm -Flowering Plant Gateway]</ref>


===Angiosperm Phylogeny Group===
===Angiosperm Phylogeny Group===
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system ([[APG system|APG]]) of 1998 and [[APG II system|APG II]] (2003) assigned the Alismatales to the [[monocots]], which may be thought of as an unranked clade containing the families listed below. The biggest departure from [[list of systems of plant taxonomy|earlier systems]] (see below) is the inclusion of family [[Araceae]]. By its inclusion the order has grown enormously in number of species. The family Araceae alone accounts for about a hundred genera, totaling over two thousand species. The rest of the families together contain only about five hundred species, many of which are in very small families.{{sfn|APG IV|2016}}
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system ([[APG system|APG]]) of 1998 and [[APG II system|APG II]] (2003) assigned the Alismatales to the monocots, which may be thought of as an unranked clade containing the families listed below. The biggest departure from [[list of systems of plant taxonomy|earlier systems]] (see below) is the inclusion of family Araceae. By its inclusion, the order has grown enormously in number of species. The family Araceae alone accounts for about a hundred genera, totaling over two thousand species. The rest of the families together contain only about five hundred species, many of which are in very small families.{{sfn|APG IV|2016}}


The [[APG III system]] (2009) differs only in that the [[Limnocharitaceae]] are combined with the [[Alismataceae]]; it was also suggested that the genus ''[[Maundia]]'' (of the [[Juncaginaceae]]) could be separated into a monogeneric family, [[Maundiaceae]], but the authors noted that more study was necessary before Maundiaceae could be recognized.<ref name="apgiii" />
The [[APG III system]] (2009) differs only in that the [[Limnocharitaceae]] are combined with the Alismataceae; it was also suggested that the genus ''[[Maundia]]'' (of the [[Juncaginaceae]]) could be separated into a monogeneric family, the [[Maundiaceae]], but the authors noted that more study was necessary before the Maundiaceae could be recognized.<ref name="apgiii" />


* order Alismatales ''[[sensu]]'' APG III
* order Alismatales ''[[sensu]]'' APG III
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*: family [[Zosteraceae]]
*: family [[Zosteraceae]]


In [[APG IV]] (2016), it was decided that there was sufficient evidence to elevate ''[[Maundia]]'' to family level as the [[monogeneric]] Maundiaceae.{{sfn|APG IV|2016}} The authors considered including a number of the smaller orders within
In [[APG IV]] (2016), it was decided that evidence was sufficient to elevate ''[[Maundia]]'' to family level as the [[monogeneric]] Maundiaceae.{{sfn|APG IV|2016}} The authors considered including a number of the smaller orders within the Juncaginaceae, but an online survey of botanists and other users found little support for this "[[lumping]]" approach.{{sfnp|ps=none|Christenhusz|Vorontsova|Fay|Chase|2015}} Consequently, the family structure for APG IV is:
Juncaginaceae, but an online survey of botanists and other users found little support for this "[[lumping]]" approach.{{sfnp|ps=none|Christenhusz|Vorontsova|Fay|Chase|2015}} Consequently the family structure for APG IV is:


*: family [[Alismataceae]] (''including'' [[Limnocharitaceae]])
*: family [[Alismataceae]] (''including'' [[Limnocharitaceae]])
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=== Phylogeny ===
=== Phylogeny ===
[[Cladogram]] showing the orders of monocots ([[Lilianae]] ''[[sensu]]'' Chase & Reveal){{sfn|Chase|Reveal|2009}} based on molecular phylogenetic evidence.
[[Cladogram]] showing the orders of monocots ([[Lilianae]] ''[[sensu]]'' Chase & Reveal){{sfn|Chase|Reveal|2009}} based on molecular phylogenetic evidence:


{{barlabel|size=12|at1=5|label1=[[Lilioid monocots]] |bar1=purple|at2=0.5|label2=Alismatid monocots|bar2=green|style=font-size:100%;line-height:125%;width:400px;|cladogram=
{{barlabel|size=12|at1=5|label1=[[Lilioid monocots]] |bar1=purple|at2=0.5|label2=Alismatid monocots|bar2=green|style=font-size:100%;line-height:125%;width:400px;|cladogram=
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{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist|30em}}


== Bibliography ==
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
* [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph du Mortier|B. C. J. du Mortier]] 1829. Analyse des Familles de Plantes : avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent. Imprimerie de J. Casterman, Tournay
* [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph du Mortier|B. C. J. du Mortier]] 1829. Analyse des Familles de Plantes : avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent. Imprimerie de J. Casterman, Tournay

Revision as of 00:25, 7 October 2016

Alismatales
Alisma plantago-aquatica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl[1]
Families

See Classification

Snake lily (Dracunculus vulgaris) of Araceae family in Crete, Greece.
Ottelia alismoides from family Hydrocharitaceae in Hyderabad, India.

The Alismatales (alismatids) are an order of flowering plants including about 4500 species. Plants assigned to this order are mostly tropical or aquatic. Some grow in fresh water, some in marine habitats.

Description

The Alismatales comprise herbaceous flowering plants of aquatic and marshy habitats, and the only monocots known to have green embryos other than the Amaryllidaceae. They also include the only marine angiosperms.[2] The flowers are usually arranged in inflorescences, and the mature seeds lack endosperm.

Both marine and freshwater forms include those with staminate flowers that detach from the parent plant and float to the surface where they become pollinated. In others, pollination occurs underwater, where pollen may form elongated strands, increasing chance of success. Most aquatic species have a totally submerged juvenile phase, and flowers are either floating or emergent. Vegetation may be totally submersed, have floating leaves, or protrude from the water. Collectively, they are commonly known as "water plantain".[3]

Taxonomy

The Alismatales contain about 165 genera in 13 families, with a cosmopolitan distribution. Phylogenetically, they are basal monocots, diverging early in evolution relative to the lilioid and commelinid monocot lineages.[4] Together with the Acorales, the Alismatales are referred to informally as the alismatid monocots.[5]

Early systems

The Cronquist system (1981) places the Alismatales in subclass Alismatidae, class Liliopsida [= monocotyledons] and includes only three families as shown:

Cronquist's subclass Alismatidae conformed fairly closely to the order Alismatales as defined by APG, minus the Araceae.

The Dahlgren system places the Alismatales in the superorder Alismatanae in the subclass Liliidae [= monocotyledons] in the class Magnoliopsida [= angiosperms] with the following families included:

In Tahktajan's classification (1997), the order Alismatales contains only the Alismataceae and Limnocharitaceae, making it equivalent to the Alismataceae as revised in APG-III. Other families included in the Alismatates as currently defined are here distributed among 10 additional orders, all of which are assigned, with the following exception, to the Subclass Alismatidae. Araceae in Tahktajan 1997 is assigned to the Arales and placed in the Subclass Aridae; Tofieldiaceae to the Melanthiales and placed in the Liliidae.[6]

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system (APG) of 1998 and APG II (2003) assigned the Alismatales to the monocots, which may be thought of as an unranked clade containing the families listed below. The biggest departure from earlier systems (see below) is the inclusion of family Araceae. By its inclusion, the order has grown enormously in number of species. The family Araceae alone accounts for about a hundred genera, totaling over two thousand species. The rest of the families together contain only about five hundred species, many of which are in very small families.[7]

The APG III system (2009) differs only in that the Limnocharitaceae are combined with the Alismataceae; it was also suggested that the genus Maundia (of the Juncaginaceae) could be separated into a monogeneric family, the Maundiaceae, but the authors noted that more study was necessary before the Maundiaceae could be recognized.[1]

In APG IV (2016), it was decided that evidence was sufficient to elevate Maundia to family level as the monogeneric Maundiaceae.[7] The authors considered including a number of the smaller orders within the Juncaginaceae, but an online survey of botanists and other users found little support for this "lumping" approach.[8] Consequently, the family structure for APG IV is:

Phylogeny

Cladogram showing the orders of monocots (Lilianae sensu Chase & Reveal)[9] based on molecular phylogenetic evidence:

Lilianae sensu Chase & Reveal[9]
Alismatid monocots

References

  1. ^ a b Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 105–121, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x, retrieved 10 December 2010
  2. ^ -Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
  3. ^ -Alismatales (Water Plantains)
  4. ^ Wilkin & Mayo 2013.
  5. ^ RBG 2010.
  6. ^ -Flowering Plant Gateway
  7. ^ a b APG IV 2016.
  8. ^ Christenhusz et al. (2015)
  9. ^ a b Chase & Reveal 2009.

Further reading

Wikispecies has information related to Alismatales.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alismatales.
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