Ford River Rouge complex

Ford River Rouge complex
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark District
Michigan State Historic Site
Aerial view of the Rouge complex in 2015
Location	Dearborn, Michigan, United States
Coordinates	42°18′32″N 83°09′43″W / 42.309°N 83.162°W / 42.309; -83.162
Area	900 acres (360 ha) (landmarked area)
Built	1917–1928
Architect	Albert Kahn
Visitation	148,000 (2017)
NRHP reference No.	78001516
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	June 2, 1978[1]
Designated NHLD	June 2, 1978[2]
Designated MSHS	December 14, 1976

The Ford River Rouge complex (commonly known as the Rouge complex, River Rouge, or The Rouge) is a Ford Motor Company automobile factory complex located in Dearborn, Michigan, along the River Rouge, upstream from its confluence with the Detroit River at Zug Island. Construction began in 1917, and when it was completed in 1928, it was the largest integrated factory in the world, surpassing Buick City, built in 1904.

It inspired the Île Seguin Renault factory in 1920,^[3] the GAZ factory built in the 1930s in the Soviet Union, the Volkswagen factory near Fallersleben in Germany from 1938, the FIAT factory at Torino (FIAT Mirafiori factory) in Italy from 1939 as well as the later Hyundai factory complex in Ulsan, South Korea, which was developed beginning in the late 1960s.^[4] Designed by Albert Kahn, River Rouge was designated as a National Historic Landmark District in 1978 for its architecture and historical importance to the industry and economy of the United States.^[5]

The Rouge complex measures 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide by 1 mile (1.6 km) long, including 93 buildings with nearly 16 million square feet (1.5 km²) of factory floor space. With its own docks in the dredged Rouge River, 100 miles (160 km) of interior railroad track, its own electricity plant, and integrated steel mill, the titanic Rouge was able to turn raw materials into running vehicles within this single complex, a prime example of vertical-integration production.^[6]

Some of the River Rouge buildings were designed by architect Albert Kahn. His Rouge glass plant was regarded at the time as an exemplary and humane factory building, with ample natural light provided through windows in the ceiling. Since the late 20th century, several buildings at the Rouge complex have been renovated and converted to "green" structures with a number of environmentally friendly features.

In the summer of 1932, through Edsel Ford's support, Mexican artist Diego Rivera was invited to study the facilities at the Rouge. These studies informed his set of murals known as Detroit Industry.^[6]

The plant's first products were Eagle Boats, World War I anti-submarine warfare boats produced in Building B. The original Building B, a three-story structure, is part of the legendary Dearborn Assembly Plant, which started producing Model A's in the late 1920s and continued production of Ford full-sized coupes and sedans through 2004. After the war, production turned to Fordson tractors. Although the Rouge produced nearly all the parts of the Model T, assembly of that vehicle remained at Highland Park. It was not until 1927 that automobile production began at the Rouge, with the introduction of the Ford Model A.

During World War II the Rouge complex produced jeeps, aircraft engines, aircraft components and parts, tires and tubes, armor plate, and tractors.^[7]

Other Rouge products included the 1932 Model B, the original Mercury, the Ford Thunderbird, Mercury Capri, and four decades of Ford Mustangs. The old assembly plant was idled with the construction and launch of a new assembly facility on the Miller Road side of the complex, currently producing Ford F-150 pickup trucks.

The River Rouge complex manufactured most of the components of Ford vehicles, starting with the Model T. Many of the vehicles were compiled into "knock-down kits", then sent by railroad to various branch assembly locations across the United States in major metropolitan cities to be locally assembled, using local supplies as necessary.^[6] After the 1960s, Ford began to decentralize manufacturing, building several factories in major metropolitan centers. The Rouge was downsized, with units (including the famous furnaces and docks) sold off to independent companies, many still operating independently to this day.

On May 26, 1937, a group of workers attempting to organize a union at the Rouge were severely beaten, an event later called the Battle of the Overpass. Peter E. Martin's respect for labor led to Walter Reuther, a UAW leader, allowing Martin to be the only Ford manager to retrieve his papers or gain access to the plant.^[8]

The Rouge was one of only three locations where Ford manufactured the Mustang; the other sites were Metuchen Assembly in Edison, New Jersey, and San Jose Assembly in Milpitas, California.

By 1987, only Mustang production remained at the Dearborn Assembly Plant (DAP). In 1987 Ford planned to replace that car with the front wheel drive Ford Probe, but public outcry quickly turned to surging sales. With the fourth-generation Mustang a success, the Rouge was saved as well. Ford decided to modernize its operations. A gas explosion on February 1, 1999, killed six employees and injured two dozen more, resulting in the idling of the power plant. Michigan Utility CMS Energy built a state-of-the-art Power Plant across Miller Road to replace the electricity and steam production, as well as the blast furnace waste gas consumption of the original power plant.^[9] As it ended production, Dearborn Assembly Plant was one of six plants within the Ford Rouge Center. The plant was open from 1918 to May 10, 2004, with a red convertible 2004 Ford Mustang GT being the last vehicle built at the historic site. Demolition of the historic DAP facility was completed in 2008. All that remains is a 3000 place parking lot to hold light truck production from the new Dearborn Truck Plant.

Today, the Rouge site is home to Ford's Rouge Center. This industrial park includes six Ford factories on 600 acres (2.4 km²) of land, as well as steelmaking operations run by Cleveland Cliffs, a U.S. steelmaker. The new Dearborn Truck factory famously features a vegetation-covered roof and rainwater reclamation system designed by sustainability architect William McDonough. This facility is still Ford's largest factory and employs some 6,000 workers. Mustang production, however, has moved to the Flat Rock Assembly Plant in Flat Rock, Michigan.

Tours of the Rouge complex were a long tradition. Free bus tours of the facility began in 1924 and ran until 1980, at their peak hosting approximately a million visitors per year. They resumed in 2004 in cooperation with The Henry Ford Museum with multimedia presentations, as well as viewing of the assembly floor. The Ford Rouge Factory Tour had 148,000 visitors in 2017.^[10]

Hourly workers from both Ford and Cleveland Cliffs facilities at the complex are represented by UAW Local 600.^{[citation needed]}

A fleet of three Ford-owned Great Lakes freighters initially named for the Ford grandsons and later renamed for top company executives, was based at the River Rouge Plant. The deckhouse of the SS Benson Ford was transported by crane barge to Put-in-Bay, Ohio and placed on an 18-foot cliff as a private home above Lake Erie.^[11]

In September, 2020 Ford announced construction^{[clarification needed]} of the new Rouge Electric Vehicle Center, where their electric vehicles will be produced.^[12] In 2021, the vehicle center^{[clarification needed]} opened, and Ford's first all electric truck, the Ford F-150 Lightning, will be the first vehicle model produced there.^[13]

In 1999, architect William McDonough entered into an agreement with Ford Motor Company to redesign its 85-year-old, 1,212-acre (490 ha) Rouge River facility.^[14] The roof of the 1.1-million-square-foot (100,000 m²) Dearborn truck assembly plant was covered with more than 10 acres (4.0 ha) of sedum, a low-growing groundcover. The sedum retains and cleanses rainwater and moderates the internal temperature of the building, saving energy.

The roof is part of an $18 million rainwater treatment system designed to collect and clean rainwater annually, sparing Ford from a $50 million mechanical treatment facility.^[15]

• Ford F-Series (1948–present)
• Ford F-150 Lightning (2022–present)

• Eagle-class patrol craft (1918–1919)
• Fordson tractor (1921–1928)
• Ford Model T parts only (1920s)
• Ford Model A (1927–1932)
• Ford Model B (1932–1934)
• Ford Model 48 (1935–1936)
• 1937 Ford (1937–1940)
• 1941 Ford (1941–1942, 1946–1949)
• 1949 Ford (1949–1951)
• 1952 Ford (1952–1954)
• Ford Fairlane (1955–1961)
• Ford Thunderbird (1955–1957)
• Ford Mustang (1964–2004)
• Mercury Capri (1979–1986)
• Mercury Cougar (1966–1973)

• Ford Piquette Avenue Plant

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ford River Rouge Complex.

• River Rouge Factory Tour
• Photos from the Rouge Steel mill
• "Big Generator for Auto Plant Adds to Giant Power". Popular Mechanics: 374. September 1937.
• A film clip "The Source of the Ford Car Part 1 ca. 1932" is available for viewing at the Internet Archive
• A film clip "Tour Through The Rouge Plant ca. 1939" is available for viewing at the Internet Archive
• Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation, filed under 3001 Miller Road, Dearborn, Wayne County, MI:
  • HAER No. MI-325, "Rouge Steel Company", 57 photos, 7 photo caption pages
  • HAER No. MI-356, "B Building", 49 photos, 4 photo caption pages