Rašića Gaj massacres

Rašića Gaj massacres
Rašića Gaj massacres
Location	Rašića Gaj, Vlasenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina (contemporary Independent State of Croatia)
Coordinates	44°13′24″N 18°56′29″E / 44.2232°N 18.9413°E
Date	June 22, 1941 – July 20, 1941
Target	Genocidal persecution of Serbs
Attack type	Mass killing
Deaths	70-200
Victims	Serbs
Perpetrators	Ustaše
Motive	Anti-Serbian Orthodoxy, anti-Serbian sentiment, Croatisation, Greater Croatia

The Rašića Gaj massacres were massacres of Serbs committed by the Ustaše forces at the beginning of the World War II in Rašića Gaj, Vlasenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina (contemporary Independent State of Croatia) in June and July 1941. The estimations of the number of Serbs killed in Rašića Gaj vary between at least 70 and 200. It was one of the most shocking early World War II war crimes for Serbs in Eastern Bosnia and the testimonies about the cruel slaughter of Serbs in Rašića Gaj spread among the population of the region, causing fear and anger among the Serbs.^[1]

Background

According to some sources (Krsmanović, corroborated by Yugoslav Partisan source authored by Jakšić), already before the outbreak of the World War II the local Muslim leaders who joined Ustaše prepared a list of 200 Serbs who were to be killed.^[2] At the beginning of the World War II in Yugoslavia, Vlasenica and all of eastern Bosnia along with Sandžak in Serbia, became part of the Independent State of Croatia. The military units of the Independent State of Croatia in eastern Bosnia consisted of regular units of the Croatian Home Guard and members of the local Muslim population who were recruited into units of Ustaše militia which distinguished itself in persecution of Serbs already at the very beginning of the war.^[3] The Serbs who lived in Vlasenica were not subjected to persecution immediately after the creation of the Independent State of Croatia, like Serbs in its other parts, because Vlasenica remained under control of the German forces until 22 June 1941.^[4] During the summer 1941 the genocide against Serbs in eastern Bosnia achieved wider scale in the region of Vlasenica, Birč and Zvornik.^[5]

Massacres

On 22 June 1941, on the same day when German forces left Vlasenica, Ustaše from Sarajevo came to Vlasenica.^[6] The commander of local Ustaše forces was Mutevelić, a carpet salesman who already regularly visited Vlasenica before the war. Mutevelić was appointed as Ustaše commissar of Vlasenica District and organized extensive persecution of Serbs.^[7] He organized daily persecutions of prominent Serbs who were transported to improvised prison in Vlasenica and killed there or in Rašića Gaj.^[8] On 22 June 1941 the Ustaše captured seven most notable Serbs, including the local Orthodox priest Dušan Bobar and Serb Orthodox parish priests Dragomir J. Maskijević and Janko Savić,^[9] and killed all of them in Rašića Gaj.^[10]

Between 22 June and 20 July another 80 Serbs were killed there.^[11]^[12] The first group of prominent local Serbs killed by Ustaše in Rašića Gaj had 40 and another group 45 Serbs.^[7] They included Ljubo Jakšić, a parish priest from nearby Han Pijesak.^[13] Additional 200 residents of Vlasenica were imprisoned by Ustaše and sent to Jadovno and Slana concentration camps.^[14] The estimations of the number of Serbs killed in Rašića Gaj vary between at least 70 and 200.^[15] According to the testimony of one witness, the bodies of killed Serbs were thrown in one pit cave in Rašića Gaj.^[16]

Aftermath

At the end of July and beginning of August 1941 another group of 50 Serbs from Vlasenica District (mostly from Milići) were imprisoned and murdered.^[17]

By 12 August 1941 more than hundred Serbs were killed in nearby Drinjača. According to Ivanisević, the basket full of Serb eyes seen by Italian war journalist Curzio Malaparte at Ante Pavelic's desk during his late-summer visit to Zagreb in 1941 and described in his autobiographical war novel Kaputt, were eyes of Serbs killed in Drinjača.^[18]

Legacy

The massacres in Rašića Gaj were among the most shocking early World War II war crimes for Serbs in Eastern Bosnia.^[19] The testimonies about the cruel slaughter of Serbs in Rašića Gaj spread among the population of the region, causing fear and anger.^[1] Many Serbs considered all Muslims and Croats as Ustaše and threatened to kill them to avenge Serbs killed in Rašića Gaj.^[20]

The World War II massacres of Serbs by their Muslim neighbors and their accounts had very strong impact on local Serbs during the last War in Bosnia. According to the Srebrenica report of the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation, the choice of Rašića Gaj for execution of at least 21 Muslim men during 1990's War in Bosnia was maybe more than a mere coincidence.^[21]

References

^ ^a ^b (Zekić 1971, p. 32)
^ (NIOD 2002, p. 32): "Before the start of the war a local Muslim official who joined the Ustashe drew up a list containing the names of over two hundred Serbs who were to be killed.140...140 Krsmanovic, The blood-stained hands, p.16. This is corroborated by another (Partisan) source. See: Jaksic, ‘Activity of the Communist Party’, p.382."
^ Зборник за историју Босне и Херцеговине. Академија. 1995. p. 254.
^ (Затезало 2011, p. и): "
^ (Redžić 2005, p. 74): "In the summer of 1941 the genocide against the Serbs in eastern Bosnia acquired broader proportions in the areas of Birce, Vlasenica, Zvornik, ..."
^ (Затезало 2011, p. и) "
^ ^a ^b (Kurdulija 1993, p. 23)
^ (NIOD 2002, p. 32): "The local Ustashe commander, Mutevelic, a carpet salesman who had regularly visited Vlasenica before the war, reigned by terror. Daily, black uniformed Ustashe rounded up prominent local Serbs, transported them to a makeshift prison in Vlasenica and were killed them there or executed them in Rasica Gaj. During those massacres, which continued for several weeks"
^ (Džomić 1995)
^ (Затезало 2011, p. и)"
^ PRILOZI I SJEĆANJA. Ferid Šljivić, Stojan Babić, Vukosava Kujović: O DJELOVANJU SKOJEVSKE ORGANIZACIJE U BRIGADI
^ (Затезало 2011, p. и)
^ "Парохија хан-пијесачка (Хан Пијесак)". Епархија Зворничко Тузланска, Архијерејско Намјесништво Сребреничко — Подрињско. Retrieved 18 October 2016. Љубо Јакшић (наслиједио је оца Стеву, али су га 1941. године убиле усташе у Рашића Гају код Власенице),
^ (Затезало 2011, p. и) "
^ (NIOD 2002, p. 32): "During those massacres, which continued for several weeks, at least seventy Serbs were killed, although other sources list death tolls as high as two hundred"
^ (Ivanišević 1994)
^ (Ivanišević 1994)
^ (NIOD 2002, p. 32): "For these events in Drinjaèa see: Ivanisevic, Hronika naseg groblja pp.228-229; Antonic, Zapisi Pere Djukanovica, p.65-66; Nikolic, ‘Kravica u proslosti’, p.23. According to the latter source, more than a hundred Serbs were killed in Drinjaèe by 12 August 1941. Ivanisevic claims that the basket full of eyes from Serbs came from Drinjaèa. This basket was found by Italian war journalist, Curzio Malaparte, at Ante Pavelic’s desk during a late-summer visit to Zagreb in 1941, (an episode which he described in his autobiographical war novel Kaputt). The Ustashe had sent these as a ‘present’ to their leader (Ivanisevic, Hronika naseg groblja, p.23). See Malaparte, Kaputt, pp.221-28."
^ (NIOD 2002, p. 32): "Among the crimes most shocking to the Serbs in this part of eastern Bosnia were the massacres in the village of Rasica Gaj, near Vlasenica, which occurred after the German army left the town on 21 June 1941. Even today, local Serbs refer to these events as one of the worst Ustashe crimes in the region at the beginning of the war"
^ (NIOD 2002, p. 39): "[m]any Serbs regarded the Croats and Muslims all as Ustashe and threatened to kill them, and thus to avenge the victims of Rasica Gaj and other massacres”."
^ (NIOD 2002, p. 33): "In July 1995, for instance, Rasica Gaj was one of the sites where Muslim captives from the safe area of Srebrenica were executed by Mladic’s forces, a choice of location that may have been more than mere coincidence. At least 21 Muslims were killed here."

Sources

Zekić, Miloš (1971). Istočna Bosna u NOB-u 1941-1945. Vojnoizdavački zavod.
NIOD, Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies (2002). The Srebrenica report. The Netherlands Institute for War Documentation.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Затезало, Ђуро (2011). "Источна Босна". Јадовно – Комплекс усташких логора 1941. Књига 1. Музеј Жртава Геноцида.
Džomić, Velibor V. (1995). Ustaški zločini nad srbskim sveštenicima. Svetigora.
Ivanišević, Milivoje (1994). Hronika našeg groblja ili Slovo o stradanju srpskog naroda Bratunca, Milića, Skelana i Srebrenice. Bratunac.
Redžić, Enver (2005). Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-5625-0.
Kurdulija, Strahinja (1993). Atlas of the Ustasha genocide of the Serbs 1941-1945. Privredne vesti "Europublic". ISBN 978-86-7941-002-3.

[auto-1] (Zekić 1971, p. 32)

[2] (NIOD 2002, p. 32): "Before the start of the war a local Muslim official who joined the Ustashe drew up a list containing the names of over two hundred Serbs who were to be killed.140...140 Krsmanovic, The blood-stained hands, p.16. This is corroborated by another (Partisan) source. See: Jaksic, ‘Activity of the Communist Party’, p.382."

[3] Зборник за историју Босне и Херцеговине. Академија. 1995. p. 254.

[4] (Затезало 2011, p. и): "

[5] (Redžić 2005, p. 74): "In the summer of 1941 the genocide against the Serbs in eastern Bosnia acquired broader proportions in the areas of Birce, Vlasenica, Zvornik, ..."

[6] (Затезало 2011, p. и) "

[auto1-7] (Kurdulija 1993, p. 23)

[8] (NIOD 2002, p. 32): "The local Ustashe commander, Mutevelic, a carpet salesman who had regularly visited Vlasenica before the war, reigned by terror. Daily, black uniformed Ustashe rounded up prominent local Serbs, transported them to a makeshift prison in Vlasenica and were killed them there or executed them in Rasica Gaj. During those massacres, which continued for several weeks"

[9] (Džomić 1995)

[10] (Затезало 2011, p. и)"

[11] PRILOZI I SJEĆANJA. Ferid Šljivić, Stojan Babić, Vukosava Kujović: O DJELOVANJU SKOJEVSKE ORGANIZACIJE U BRIGADI

[12] (Затезало 2011, p. и)

[13] "Парохија хан-пијесачка (Хан Пијесак)". Епархија Зворничко Тузланска, Архијерејско Намјесништво Сребреничко — Подрињско. Retrieved 18 October 2016. Љубо Јакшић (наслиједио је оца Стеву, али су га 1941. године убиле усташе у Рашића Гају код Власенице),

[14] (Затезало 2011, p. и) "

[15] (NIOD 2002, p. 32): "During those massacres, which continued for several weeks, at least seventy Serbs were killed, although other sources list death tolls as high as two hundred"

[16] (Ivanišević 1994)

[17] (Ivanišević 1994)

[18] (NIOD 2002, p. 32): "For these events in Drinjaèa see: Ivanisevic, Hronika naseg groblja pp.228-229; Antonic, Zapisi Pere Djukanovica, p.65-66; Nikolic, ‘Kravica u proslosti’, p.23. According to the latter source, more than a hundred Serbs were killed in Drinjaèe by 12 August 1941. Ivanisevic claims that the basket full of eyes from Serbs came from Drinjaèa. This basket was found by Italian war journalist, Curzio Malaparte, at Ante Pavelic’s desk during a late-summer visit to Zagreb in 1941, (an episode which he described in his autobiographical war novel Kaputt). The Ustashe had sent these as a ‘present’ to their leader (Ivanisevic, Hronika naseg groblja, p.23). See Malaparte, Kaputt, pp.221-28."

[19] (NIOD 2002, p. 32): "Among the crimes most shocking to the Serbs in this part of eastern Bosnia were the massacres in the village of Rasica Gaj, near Vlasenica, which occurred after the German army left the town on 21 June 1941. Even today, local Serbs refer to these events as one of the worst Ustashe crimes in the region at the beginning of the war"

[20] (NIOD 2002, p. 39): "[m]any Serbs regarded the Croats and Muslims all as Ustashe and threatened to kill them, and thus to avenge the victims of Rasica Gaj and other massacres”."

[21] (NIOD 2002, p. 33): "In July 1995, for instance, Rasica Gaj was one of the sites where Muslim captives from the safe area of Srebrenica were executed by Mladic’s forces, a choice of location that may have been more than mere coincidence. At least 21 Muslims were killed here."

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v t e Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
Background	Demographics of Croatia Serbs of Croatia Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbs in Vojvodina
Prelude	Anti-Serb sentiment Nazi racial policy Invasion of Yugoslavia Ustaše Ustaše Militia The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia Greater Croatia Croatisation Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše Croatian Orthodox Church
Concentration camps	Jasenovac list of prisoners Stara Gradiška Đakovo Sisak Gospić Jadovno Lepoglava Danica Lobor Kerestinec Jastrebarsko Slana Kruščica Sajmište Gornja Rijeka
Massacres	Banski Grabovac Banja Luka Garavice Glina Rašića Gaj Gudovac Blagaj Voćin Prebilovci Gacko Pridvorica Ivanci Voćin Sarajevo (Villa Luburić) Kozara Syrmia
Perpetrators	Ante Pavelić Mile Budak Julije Makanec Nikola Mandić Ademaga Mešić Džafer Kulenović Andrija Artuković Mladen Lorković Slavko Kvaternik Antun Najžer Petar Brzica Miroslav Filipović Vjekoslav Luburić Ivica Matković Ljubo Miloš Ante Vrban Ivo Rojnica Dinko Šakić Dido Kvaternik Jure Francetić Alija Šuljak Viktor Gutić Miroslav Matijević
Notable victims	Jovo Bećir Špiro Bocarić Đorđe Bogić Milan Butozan Nada Dimić Branko Dobrosavljević Vukašin Mandrapa Muhamed Mehmedbašić Rafailo Momčilović Platon of Banja Luka Sava Šumanović Sava Trlajić Dositej Vasić Petar Zimonjić
Armed resistance	Đurđevdan uprising Eastern Herzegovina uprising Drvar uprising Srb uprising
Humanitarianism	Diana Budisavljević
Trials	Trial of Mile Budak Operation Gvardijan Trial of Aloysius Stepinac
Bibliography	The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican Encyclopedia of Genocide The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965 Hitler–Beneš–Tito Viktor Novak Jozo Tomasevich Smilja Avramov Enver Redžić Antun Miletić Vasilije Krestić Mark Biondich Rory Yeomans Paul Mojzes Veljko Đurić Mišina Dejan Jović Hrvoje Klasić Serbian historiography
Cultural depictions	Eagles Fly Early (book, film) Black Birds The End of the War The Dagger The Diary of Diana B. Dara of Jasenovac Zaveštanje
Aftermath	Bleiburg repatriations Stone Flower Terrorism in Yugoslavia
Denial	Jasenovac – istina Far-right politics in Croatia