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Malqata Menat

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Malqata Menat
MaterialFaience, Bronze, Glass, Agate, Carnelian, Lapis Lazuli, Turquoise
SizeLength of Counterpoise 14.7 cm (5 13/16 in.)
Discovered1910
Discovered byMuseum Excavations, 1910–1911, Division of Finds, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Present locationThe Metropolitan Museum of Art
Identification11.215.450
CultureNew Kingdom, Dynasty 18, Reign of Amenhotep III, ca. 1390–1353 B.C.E.

The Malqata Menat was found by the Metropolitan Museum of Art Expedition in 1910, in a private house near the Heb Seds palace of Amenhotep III in Malqata, Thebes.[1] A menat is a type of necklace made up of a series of strings of beads that form a broad collar and a metal counterpoise. The menat could be worn around the neck or held in the hand and rattled during cultic dances and religious processions.[2]

Provenance

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In 1910, the excavations at Malqata were headed by Herbert E. Winlock, who led the Metropolitan Museum Expedition from 1910 to 1921.[3] While excavating one of the private houses Winlock’s team found the menat, along with two other necklaces in the remnants of a linen satchel.[1] Due to the early date of the excavation the exact provenance of the find is unknown. Excavation notes only specify that it was found in a corner of one of the rooms in a private house and that small traces of the linen bag the jewelry was stored in were still visible when it was discovered. At the end of the 1910 excavation season at Malqata the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Egyptian Antiquities Service, which was known as the Service des Antiquités de l'Egypte at that time, split the artifacts from the excavation season equally.[4] The Metropolitan Museum acquired the Malqata menat in this division and the artifact is still part of the museum’s collection. It is currently on display at the Met Fifth Avenue in gallery 119.

Menats

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Menat necklaces are first attested in the Old Kingdom being worn by priestesses of the goddess Hathor.[5] The goddess Hathor was associated with music and dance. Hathor's epithets include "Lady of Music", "Lady of the Chorus Dance" and "Lady of Inebriety, Jubilation and of Music".[6] Priestesses of Hathor are often depicted in ancient Egyptian iconography shaking menats in Hathoric dances.[7] According to Paul Barguet in his 1952 publication "L'Origine et la Signification du Contrepoids du Collier-menat", during the Middle Kingdom the goddess Mut was sometimes called, "Lady of the Menat".[8] Menat necklaces functioned as a material fetish of Hathor, meaning "The menat could bring those who handled it in direct contact with the divine and impart to them the blessings of the goddess".[5]

By the New Kingdom menat necklaces were used by many different cults, not just by priestesses of Hathor. Menats were used in daily offering rituals in temples, in religious festivals and in funerary contexts.[9] In scenes depicting daily offering rituals goddesses are often shown receiving menat necklaces as offerings.[10] The menat was generally depicted being used in combination with the sistrum in cultic rites and dances performed by the priestesses of Hathor and other cultic dancers and musicians. The priestesses of Hathor rattled menat necklaces to honor the goddess Hathor.[5] In ancient Egypt music was believed to calm the gods and placate their anger. The rattling sound that the menat made was intended to pacify the gods.[11] Khener-troupes of dancers were often depicted shaking sistrums and menats.[12] Menat necklaces are often found in funerary contexts both in iconography and in the material record.[13] These goods were all used in the funerary dances depicted in New Kingdom tombs. There are countless depictions of priestess and temple singers with menats in New Kingdom funerary decorations.

The menat was used in many kingly rituals, such as, the Sed-festival and the king's coronation ceremony.[14] In ancient Egypt, the personified goddess of music, Merit used songs and gestures to establish cosmic order.[11] Menats were used by the God's Wives of Amun. The menat also seems to have been associated with protection, regeneration and rebirth, which may be why it was part of royal-divine interaction.[10]

Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b Met: Menat Necklace from Malqata.
  2. ^ Lansing 1940, p. 7.
  3. ^ iMalqata.
  4. ^ Roehrig 2015.
  5. ^ a b c Morris 2011, p. 99.
  6. ^ Onstine 2010, p. 9.
  7. ^ Spencer 2003, p. 116.
  8. ^ Barguet 1952, p. 106.
  9. ^ Onstine 2010, p. 5–6.
  10. ^ a b Ayad 2009, p. 49.
  11. ^ a b Ayad 2009, p. 35.
  12. ^ Morris 2011, p. 89.
  13. ^ Morris 2011, p. 96.
  14. ^ Morris 2011, p. 100–101.

References

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  • Ayad, M. F. (2009). God's Wife, God's Servant: The God's Wife of Amun (c. 740–525 BC). London & New York: Routledge.
  • Barguet, P. (1952). "L'Origine et la Signification du Contrepoids du Collier-menat". Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. 52: 103–111.
  • "History of the Excavations". iMalqata: A Joint Expedition. The Metropolitan Museum of Art and The Ancient Egyptian Heritage and Archaeology Fund. 23 November 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  • Lansing, A. (1940). Ancient Egyptian Jewelry: A Picture Book. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • "Menat Necklace from Malqata ca. 1390–1353 B.C". Met Museum Online. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  • Morris, E. F. (2011). "Paddle Dolls and Performance". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 47: 71–103.
  • Onstine, S. L. (2010). "Gender and the Religion of Ancient Egypt". Religion Compass. 4: 1–11. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00178.x.
  • Roehrig, C. H. (2015). "The Met's Joint Mission to Malqata". Met Museum Online. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  • Spencer, P. (2003). "Dance in Ancient Egypt". Near Eastern Archaeology. 66 (3): 111–121. doi:10.2307/3210914. JSTOR 3210914. S2CID 161710307.
  • Teeter, E. and Johnson, J. H. 2009. The Life of Meresamun: A Temple Singer in Ancient Egypt. Chicago: The Oriental Institute.
  • Teeter, E. 2011. Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.

Further reading

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  • Ayad, M. F. 2009. The Transition from Libyan to Nubian Rule: The Role of the God’s Wife of Amun. In G.P.F. Broekman, R.J. Demaree and O.E. Kaper (eds.), The Libyan Period in Egypt: Historical and Cultural Studies into the 21st-24th Dynasties. Leiden: Peeters Leuven.
  • Doxey, D. M. 2001. Priesthood. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt Online: Oxford University Press.
  • Fazzini, R. A. 2007. Servant of Mut: Studies in Honor of Richard A. Fazzini. Boston: Brill.
  • Gillam, R. A. 1995. Priestesses of Hathor: Their Function, Decline and Disappearance. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 32: 211-237.
  • Hayes, W. C. 1978. The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Part II: The Hyksos Period and the New Kingdom. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • Holcomb, M., K. Benzel, S. Lee, D. C. Patch, J. Pillsbury and B. C. Wees. 2018. Jewelry: The Body Transformed. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • Lawergren, B. 2001. Music. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt Online: Oxford University Press.
  • Lloyd, A. B. 2010. A Companion to Ancient Egypt: Two Volume Set. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Incorporated.
  • Meeks, D. Dance. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt Online: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Onstine, S. L. 2005. The Role of the Chantress (šmʹyt) in Ancient Egypt. Vol. 1401. Oxford: Archaeopress.
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