Kangra Fort
32°05′17.1″N 76°15′28″E / 32.088083°N 76.25778°E
| Kangra Fort | |
|---|---|
| Part of Himachal Pradesh | |
| Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India | |
 Kangra Fort | |
| Type | Fort |
| Height | 700 meters |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | Kangra State |
| Condition | Ruins |
| Site history | |
| Built by | Katoch Dynasty |
The Kangra Fort is a historic fort located in the Kangra district of the Himachal Pradesh state in India. The fort is also known as 'Nagarkot' and 'Kot Kangra'.[1] This fort stands on a hillock between two rivers (Manjhi and Banganga), among the foothills of the Dhauladhar range. The fort is the largest in the Indian Himalayas, and is under the protection of the Archeological Survey of India.[2][3] The Kangra Fort is also the oldest fort in the Himalayas and, according to Indian mythology, has a legendary history spanning approximately 4,000 years.[4][5]
Location
[edit]
The Kangra Fort is located 20 kilometers (12 mi) from the town of Dharamsala on the outskirts of the town of Kangra, in the Kangra district.
History
[edit]Kangra Fort was built by the Katoch Dynasty of the Rajputs.[2][6]
The earliest still existing remains inside the fort are Jain and Brahminical temples dated to c. 9-10 century A.D. The earliest recorded reference to the Kangra fort dates from the time of this fort's invasion by Mahmud Ghazni in 1009 A.D. The fort was captured by Muhammad bin Tughluq in 1337 A.D., and by his successor Firuz Shah Tughluq in 1351 A.D. respectively.[1]
Khawas Khan Marwat, a superior General of Sher Shah Suri, managed to capture the fort in 1540 AD.
Raja Dharam Chand submitted to the Mughal Ruler Akbar in 1556 and agreed to pay tribute, including, renouncing claims to the fort. But in 1620, Emperor Jahangir, killed that Katoch king, Raja Hari Chand and annexed the Kangra kingdom into the Mughal Empire.[7] Under the leadership of Nawab Ali Khan and aided by Raja Jagat Singh, the fort was captured in 1620 and remained under Mughal rule until 1783. In 1621, Jahangir visited it and ordered the slaughter of a bullock there.[8] A mosque was also built within the fort of Kangra.[9]
As the Mughal empire began to crumble, a descendant of Raja Dharam Chand, Raja Sansar Chand II began a series of conquests of Kangra with the support of Sikh leader, Jai Singh Kanhaiya of the Kanhaiya misl. However, after the death of Mughal governor Saif Ali Khan, the fort was surrendered in 1783 by his son to the Sikh leader, Jai Singh Kanhaiya of the Kanhaiya Misl in return for safe passage. This betrayal by Jai Singh Kanhaiya led to Raja Sansar Chand soliciting the services of Sikh misaldars Maha Singh of the Sukerchakia Misl (father of Maharaja Ranjit Singh) and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia and besieged the fort. In 1786, Raja Sansar Chand gained Kangra fort by peaceful treaty with Jai Singh Kanhaiya in return for territorial concessions in the Punjab.
Sansar Chand quickly focused on expanding his kingdom and conquered the nearby kingdoms of Chamba, Mandi, Suket and Nahan. In 1805 he turned his attention to Bilaspur and the then Raja of Bilaspur called on the aid of the powerful Gurkha kingdom, who had already acquired Garhwal, Sirmour and other small hill states of Shimla. An army of 40,000 Gurkhas leading by the Kaji Amar Singh Thapa, who was later reinforced by the Kaji Nain Singh Thapa. In 1807, Kangra Fort, on the west bank of the Sutlej, was put under siege. By early 1809, most of the land of Kangra jagir had been incorporated into Nepal, although the fort still held out. Raja Sansar Chand of Kangra then turned towards Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Lahore for aid, leading to the Nepal-Sikh war of 1809 in which the Gurkhas were defeated and forced back to the satluj River. In return for his help, Maharaja Ranjit Singh took possession of the ancient fort alongside 66 villages (the fort's ancient Jagir) on Aug 24, 1809 while leaving the rest of Kangra to Sansar Chand.
The fort was finally taken by the British during the First Anglo-Sikh war after a six-week long siege.[10] This siege was fought from mid-April to 28 May 1846. Sir Henry Lawrence reached the fort on 3 May 1846. This was the only battle fought between the Sikh forces of Kangra and the British. The British controlled the valley after defeating them and the fort.
A British garrison occupied the fort until it was heavily damaged in an earthquake on 4 April 1905.
Layout
[edit]The entrance to the fort is through a small courtyard enclosed between two gates which were built during the Sikh period, as appears from an inscription over the entrance. From here a long and narrow passage leads up to the top of the fort, through the Ahani and Amiri Darwaza (gate), both attributed to Nawab Saif Ali Khan, the first Mughal Governor of Kangra. About 500 feet from the outer gate the passage turns round at a very sharp angle and passes through the Jehangiri Darwaza. The area Kangra Fort is spread across 463 acres.[5]
The Darsani Darwaza, which is now flanked by defaced statues of River Goddesses Ganga and Yamuna gave access to a courtyard, along the south side of which stood the stone shrines of Lakshmi-Narayana and Ambika Devi and a Svetambara Jain temple with large idol of Rishabhanatha.[11]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Kangra Fort « Archaeological Survey of India". asi.nic.in. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
- ^ a b "The Kangra Fort: An Opulent Antiquity". indianculture.gov.in. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
- ^ "Sansad ki kala". sansadkikala.ignca.gov.in. Archived from the original on 17 August 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
- ^ "Kangra Fort: this fort in Himachal might have treasure worth crores hidden in plain sight!". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 17 August 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
- ^ a b Tribune Web Desk (4 March 2024). "Millennia of history beckons, Himachal's oldest fort in Kangra stands tall". The Tribune. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
- ^ "Royal Kangra - Forts of Kangra". royalkangra.com. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
- ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 165–166. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ^ "Jahangir's Conquest of Kangra and Kistwar". 10 March 2012. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
- ^ "Kangra". Ekaant. Season 2. Episode 7 (in Hindi). 2015. EPIC.
- ^ Sidhu, Amarpal Singh (2016). "Chronology". The Second Anglo-Sikh War. John Chapple (1st ed.). United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781445650241.
- ^ Jeratha, Aśoka (2000), Forts and Palaces of the Western Himalaya, Indus Publishing, p. 31, ISBN 9788173871047
Further reading
[edit]
- Hutchinson, J. & J. PH Vogel (1933). History of the Panjab Hill States, Vol. I. 1st edition: Govt. Printing, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 1933. Reprint 2000. Department of Language and Culture, Himachal Pradesh. Chapter IV Kangra State, pp. 98–198.
- Royal Family of Kangra and the Durbar-e-Amm museum society. Kangra. Date unknown. Purchased in 2010 in Kangra.
