Boot disk

A boot disk is a removable digital data storage medium from which a computer can load and run (boot) an operating system or utility program.^[1] The computer must have a built-in program which will load and execute a program from a boot disk meeting certain standards.

While almost all modern computers can boot from a hard drive containing the operating system and other software, they would not normally be called boot disks (because they are not removable media). Fixed drives (such as hard drives) that are bootable may be called boot drives. CD-ROMs are the most common forms of media used, but other media, such as magnetic or paper tape drives, ZIP drives, and more recently USB flash drives can be used. The computer's BIOS must support booting from the device in question.

One can make one's own boot disk (typically done to prepare for when the system won't start properly).^[2]

Uses

Boot disks are used for:

Operating system installation
Data recovery
Data purging
Hardware or software troubleshooting
BIOS flashing
Customizing an operating environment
Software demonstration^[3]
Running a temporary operating environment, such as when using a Live USB drive.^[4]
Administrative access in case of lost password is possible with an appropriate boot disk with some operating systems
Games (e.g. for Amiga home computers, running MS-DOS video games on modern computers by using a bootable MS-DOS or FreeDOS USB flash drive).

Process

The term boot comes from the idea of lifting oneself by one's own bootstraps:^[5] the computer contains a tiny program (bootstrap loader) which will load and run a program found on a boot device. This program may itself be a small program designed to load a larger and more capable program, i.e., the full operating system. To enable booting without the requirement either for a mass storage device or to write to the boot medium, it is usual for the boot program to use some system RAM as a RAM disk for temporary file storage.

As an example, any computer compatible with the IBM PC is able with built-in software to load the contents of the first 512 bytes of a floppy and to execute it if it is a viable program; boot floppies have a very simple loader program in these bytes. The process is vulnerable to abuse; data floppies could have a virus written to their first sector which silently infects the host computer if switched on with the disk in the drive.

Media

Bootable floppy disks ("boot floppies") for PCs usually contain DOS or miniature versions of Linux. The most commonly available floppy disk can hold only 1.4 MB of data in its standard format, making it impractical for loading large operating systems. The use of boot floppies is in decline, due to the availability of other higher-capacity options, such as CD-ROMs or USB flash drives.

Device selection

A modern PC is configured to attempt to boot from various devices in a certain order. If a computer is not booting from the device desired, such as the floppy drive, the user may have to enter the BIOS Setup function by pressing a special key when the computer is first turned on (such as Delete, F1, F2, F10 or F12), and then changing the boot order.^[6] More recent BIOSes permit the interruption of the final stage of the boot process and invoke the Boot Menu by pressing a function key (usually F11 or F12). This results in a list of bootable devices being presented, from which a selection may be made.

Apple silicon Macs display the Boot Menu when the power button is pressed and held, the older Mac computers with Intel processors will display the Boot Menu if user presses the ⌥ Option or Alt while the machine is starting.^[7]

Requirements

Different operating systems use different boot disk contents. All boot disks must be compatible with the computer they are designed for.

MS-DOS/PC DOS/DR-DOS

A valid boot sector in form of a volume boot record (VBR)
IO.SYS or IBMBIO.COM
MSDOS.SYS or IBMDOS.COM
COMMAND.COM

All files must be for the same version of the operating system. Complete boot disks can be prepared in one operation by an installed operating system;^[1] details vary.

FreeDOS

A valid boot sector on the disk
COMMAND.COM
KERNEL.SYS

Linux

A bootloader such as SYSLINUX or GRUB
Linux kernel
Initial ram disk (initrd)

Windows Preinstallation Environment

Windows Boot Manager
BOOT.WIM

References

^ ^a ^b By J. D. Biersdorfer (October 8, 1998). "Emergency Preparedness". The New York Times.
^ "How to Make a Compaq System Boot Disk". Hearst Newspapers.
^ "How to Survive the Worst PC Disasters". PC World. May 23, 2007. p. 11. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2020. Download the demo and burn it to a bootable CD
^ "Can I recover from recovering my PC?". Computerworld.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ a series of self-sustaining processes that proceed without external help: Martin, Gary. "'Pull yourself up by your bootstraps' - the meaning and origin of this phrase". Phrasefinder. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
^ "How to enter your PC's BIOS". PC World. October 5, 2011. Need to change your computer's boot order or access other ..
^ "Mac startup key combinations".

External links

[RecovDSK.NYT98-1] By J. D. Biersdorfer (October 8, 1998). "Emergency Preparedness". The New York Times.

[2] "How to Make a Compaq System Boot Disk". Hearst Newspapers.

[3] "How to Survive the Worst PC Disasters". PC World. May 23, 2007. p. 11. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2020. Download the demo and burn it to a bootable CD

[4] "Can I recover from recovering my PC?". Computerworld.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[5] series of self-sustaining processes that proceed without external help: Martin, Gary. "'Pull yourself up by your bootstraps' - the meaning and origin of this phrase". Phrasefinder. Retrieved June 23, 2018.

[6] "How to enter your PC's BIOS". PC World. October 5, 2011. Need to change your computer's boot order or access other ..

[7] "Mac startup key combinations".

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