Malus

Malus Temporal range: Eocene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Malus ‘Purple Prince'[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rosaceae
Subfamily:	Amygdaloideae
Tribe:	Maleae
Subtribe:	Malinae
Genus:	Malus Mill.
Type species
Malus sylvestris Mill. (1768)
Species
See text
Synonyms[2]
Chloromeles (Decne.) Decne. (1882) Docynia Decne. (1874) Eriolobus (Ser.) M.Roem.(1847) Prameles Rushforth (2018) Sinomalus Koidz. (1932) × Tormimalus Holub (1998)

Malus (/ˈmeɪləs/^[3] or /ˈmæləs/) is a genus of about 32–57 species^[4] of small deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae, including the domesticated orchard apple, crab apples (sometimes known in North America as crabapples) and wild apples.

The genus is native to the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere.

Apple trees are typically 4–12 metres (13–39 feet) tall at maturity, with a dense, twiggy crown. The leaves are 3–10 centimetres (1+1⁄4–4 inches) long, alternate, simple, with a serrated margin. The flowers are borne in corymbs, and have five petals, which may be white, pink, or red, and are perfect, with usually red stamens that produce copious pollen, and a half-inferior ovary; flowering occurs in the spring after 50–80 growing degree days (varying greatly according to subspecies and cultivar).^{[citation needed]}

Many apples require cross-pollination between individuals by insects (typically bees, which freely visit the flowers for both nectar and pollen); these are called self-sterile, so self-pollination is impossible, making pollinating insects essential.^[5]

A number of cultivars are self-pollinating, such as 'Granny Smith' and 'Golden Delicious', but are considerably fewer in number compared to their cross-pollination dependent counterparts.^{[citation needed]} Several Malus species, including domestic apples, hybridize freely.^[6]

The fruit is a globose pome, varying in size from 1–4 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄2 in) in diameter in most of the wild species, to 6 cm (2+1⁄4 in) in M. sylvestris sieversii, 8 cm (3 in) in M. domestica, and even larger in certain cultivated orchard apples. The centre of the fruit contains five carpels arranged star-like, each containing one or two seeds.^{[citation needed]}

36 species and 4 hybrids are accepted.^[2] The genus Malus is subdivided into eight sections (six, with two added in 2006 and 2008).^{[citation needed]} The oldest fossils of the genus date to the Eocene (Lutetian), which are leaves belonging to the species Malus collardii and Malus kingiensis from western North America (Idaho) and the Russian Far East (Kamchatka), respectively.^[7]

36 species and four natural hybrids are accepted:^[2]

• Macromeles tschonoskii (Maxim.) Koidz. (as Malus tschonoskii (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid.) – Chonosuki crabapple and pillar apple^{[citation needed]}

• Malus × sublobata – yellow autumn crabapple (M. asiatica × M. toringo)

After^[7]

• Malus collardii Axelrod, North America (Idaho), Eocene
• Malus kingiensis Budants, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, Eocene
• Malus florissantensis (Cockerell) MacGinitie Green River Formation, North America (Colorado) Eocene
• Malus pseudocredneria (Cockerell) MacGinitie Green River Formation, North America (Colorado) Eocene
• Malus idahoensis R.W.Br. North America (Idaho), Miocene
• Malus parahupehensis J.Hsu and R.W.Chaney Shanwang, Shandong, China, Miocene
• Malus antiqua Doweld Romania, Pliocene
• Malus pseudoangustifolia E.W.Berry North America (South Carolina), Pleistocene

Crabapples are popular as compact ornamental trees, providing blossom in spring and colourful fruit in autumn. The fruits often persist throughout winter. Numerous hybrid cultivars have been selected.^{[citation needed]}

Some crabapples are used as rootstocks for domestic apples to add beneficial characteristics.^[8] For example, the rootstocks of Malus baccata varieties are used to give additional cold hardiness to the combined plants for orchards in cold northern areas.^[9]

They are also used as pollinizers in apple orchards. Varieties of crabapple are selected to bloom contemporaneously with the apple variety in an orchard planting, and the crabs are planted every sixth or seventh tree, or limbs of a crab tree are grafted onto some of the apple trees. In emergencies, a bucket or drum bouquet of crabapple flowering branches is placed near the beehives as orchard pollenizers.^{[citation needed]}

Because of the plentiful blossoms and small fruit, crabapples are popular for use in bonsai culture.^[10][11][12]

These cultivars have won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:^[13]

Other varieties are dealt with under their species names.

The seeds contain cyanide compounds.^[22]

Crabapple fruit is not an important crop in most areas, being extremely sour due to malic acid (which like the genus derives from the Latin name mālum), and in some species woody, so is rarely eaten raw. In some Southeast Asian cultures, they are valued as a sour condiment, sometimes eaten with salt and chilli or shrimp paste.^{[citation needed]}

Some crabapple varieties are an exception to the reputation of being sour, and can be very sweet, such as the 'Chestnut' cultivar.^[23]

Crabapples are an excellent source of pectin. Using sugar and spices such as ginger, nutmeg, cinnamon, and allspice, their juice can be made into ruby-coloured crab apple jelly with a full, spicy flavour.^[24] A small percentage of crabapples in cider makes a more interesting flavour.^[25] As Old English Wergulu, the crab apple is one of the nine plants invoked in the pagan Anglo-Saxon Nine Herbs Charm, recorded in the 10th century.

Applewood gives off a pleasant scent when burned, and smoke from an applewood fire gives an excellent flavour to smoked foods.^[26] It is easier to cut when green; dry applewood is exceedingly difficult to carve by hand.^[26] It is a good wood for cooking fires because it burns hot and slow, without producing much flame.^[26] Applewood is used to make handles of hand saws; in the early 1900s 2,000,000 board feet of applewood were used annually for this purpose.^[27]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Malus.

• Germplasm Resources Information Network: Malus
• Flora of China: Malus
• Virginia Cooperative Extension - Disease resistant crabapples Archived 8 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
• The PRI disease resistant apple breeding program: a cooperative among Purdue University, Rutgers University, and the University of Illinois.