Georges Seurat

Georges-Pierre Seurat (2 December 1859 – 29 March 1891) was a French Post-Impressionist painter and draftsman. He is noted for the color-technique of pointillism. His large-scale work A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1884–1886) broke with Impressionism and initiated Neo-impressionism.

sorted chronologically, by date of Seurat's quotes

• ..the flag is green with a red spot in the center; above, the blue of the sky, the orange-tinted white of the walls, and the orange-grey of the clouds.
  • short notation, 1881: from 'Notes inedites de Seurat sur Delacroix', in 'Bulletin de la Vie Artistique', April 1922; as quoted by John Rewald, in Georges Seurat', a monograph; Wittenborn and Compagny, New York, 1943. p. 6 - note 9
  • Seurat studied carefully the paintings of Eugene Delacroix, and wrote in 1881 about Delacroix's painting 'The Fanatics of Tangier' this notation

• On Pissarro's advice I'm abandoning the emerald green..
  • Seurat's note in 1885; as quoted in the exhibition-text 'Georges Seurat, 1859 – 1891' in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1992, ed. Robert Herbert, published: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York
  • (Camille Pissarro wrote his son Lucien c. 1885 and asked him to warn Seurat and Paul Signac, because mixing the cadmium yellow with other pigments would change into dark color, later)

• I have told him nothing [an art-journalist in Paris who wrote in 1887: 'Seurat sees his paternity of the theory Neo-Impressionism contested by misinformed critics and unscrupulous comrades'], but what I have always thought: the more of us [the Neo-Impressionists] there are, the less originality we will have, and the day when everyone this technique, it will no longer have any value and people will look for something new as is already happening.. .It is my right to think this and to say it, since I paint in this way [ Neo-Impressionistic ], only to find a new approach which is my own.
  • quote in 1887; as quoted in Seurat in Perspective, ed. Norma Broude, Englewood Cliffs, n. J., Prentice-Hall, 1978, p. 105

Quotes from a letter to Félix Fénéon, 20 June, 1890; as quoted in the exhibition-text 'Georges Seurat, 1859 – 1891' (APPENDIX F), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1992, ed. Robert Herbert, publishing Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York - (version C), in Bibliotheque Nationale, Departement des Manuscrits, Paris. reproduced photographically in H, I, p. xxi - reprinted in translation

• Allow me to point out an inaccuracy in your biography of Signac, or rather, in order to set aside all doubt, allow me to specify..
  • Félix Fénéon wrote that 'the new 'optical painting' seduced [c. 1885], - several young painters', but he named mainly Signac

• The purity of the spectral element being the keystone of my.. ..searching for an optical formula on this basis ever, since I held a brush 1876 - 1884.. ..having read Charles Blanc in school and therefore knowing Chevreul's laws and Eugene Delacroix's precepts, having read the studies by the same Charles Blanc on the same painter [= Delacroix]
  • Quote in 'Gazette des Beaux-Arts', Vol. xvi, (if I remember correctly)

• Knowing Corot's ideas on tone [copy of a private letter, October 28, 1875].. and Couture's precepts on the subtlety of tints (at the time of his exhibition), having been struck by the intuition of Monet and Pissarro.. .Rood having been brought to my attention in an article by w:Philippe Gille, Figaro 1881, 3.

• I insist on establishing the following dates indicating my prior paternity, [and the discussions that I held]
  1884, 'Grande Jatte' study, exhibition of the Independants
  1884-1885, 'Grande Jatte' composition
  1885, studies at the 'Grande Jatte' and at Grandcamp; I took up again the 'Grande Jatte' composition October 1886. 4 October [18]85 I make Pissarro's acquaintance at Durand-Ruel's.
  1886, January or February, a small canvas by Pissarro, divided and pure color, at Clozet's, the dealer on the Rue de Chateaudun.

• Signac, definitively won over and who had just modified the paintings 'The Milliner', [1885] and 'Appreteuse et garnisseuse Modes' [exhibited in May 1886], Rue de Caire, p. 174J, following my technique at the same time as I was finishing the 'Jatte'.. .You'll agree that there's a nuance here and that if I was unknown in [18]85 [ Félix Fénéon did not mention Seurat in his article as leader / initiator of Neo-Impressionism|Neo-Impressionism I nonetheless existed, I and my vision that you have described in an impersonal fashion so superbly, aside from one or two insignificant details.
  • version B of the 'Letter to Félix Fénéon', June 1890
  • Quotes from version B of his letter to Félix Fénéon, Seurat provided more important information

• Rood was in my possession the day after the appearance of Philippe Gille's book review, published by 'Le Figaro', 1881 (change of palette). I abandon earth colors from [18]82 to 1884. On Pissarro's advice I stop using emerald green (1885)
  • (Rood etait en ma possession le lendemain du jour oil paru la revue biblio graphique de Philippe Gille, collection du Figaro 1881 [changement de palette]. J'abandonne les terres en 82 a 1884. Sur le conseil de Pissarro je lache le verr emeraud (1885)

Quotes from a letter to Maurice Beaubourg, 28 August 1890; as quoted in the exhibition-text 'Georges Seurat, 1859 – 1891' (APPENDIX K 381), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1992, ed. Robert Herbert, publishing Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York - (version D of this letter: in private collection (cat. no. 231). first published by Félix Fénéon ('De Seurat,' 1914)

• I knew van Gogh less intimately. I spoke to him for the first time in 1887 in a popular eatery near 'La Fourche', Avenue de Clichy, [Paris], (closed). A huge windowed room was decorated with his canvases. He exhibited at the 'Independants', [Paris] in 1888, 1889, 1890..

• Signac told me of his death this way: 'He [= Vincent van Gogh ] gave himself a bullet in the ribs; it passed through his body and lodged in his groin. He walked for two kilometers, losing all his blood, and went on to die in his inn'.

• Here are the titles of my large canvases:
  'Bathing Place' (Asnieres) 2 meters / 3 meters, exh. Independants (group) May 15, 1884. New York
  studies for 'A Sunday on the Grande Jatte'. Independants (Society) December 1884
  'A Sunday on the Grande Jatte'. 1884, 3 meters / 2 meters.
  Independants August 1886..
  ..studies at 'the Grande Jatte' and at Honfleur at Grandchamp, Independants in 1887..

• In conclusion I am going to give you the aesthetic and technical note that concludes Mr. Christophe's piece and which originated with me; I am modifying it a little, not having been well understood by the printer.

• Aesthetic:
  Art is Harmony.
  Harmony is the analogy of opposites, the analogy of similarities of tone, of tint, of line taking account of a dominant and under the influence of the lighting, in combinations that are gay calm or sad.

• Opposites are:
  for tone, a more luminous/lighter one for a darker one.
  for tint, the complementaries, that is, a certain red opposed to its complementary, etc.
  Red — Green
  Orange — Blue
  Yellow — Violet
  for line, those making a right angle.

• Gaiety of tone is the luminous dominant, of tint, the warm dominant, of line, lines above the horizontal
  Calmness of tone is the equality of dark and light; of tint, of warm and cool, and the horizontal for line.
  Sadness of tone is the dark dominant; of tint, the cool dominant, and of line, downward directions.

• The means of expression is the optical mixture of tones, of tints (of local color and the illuminating color: sun, oil lamp, gas, etc.), that is, of the lights and of their reactions (shadows) following the laws of contrast, of gradation, of irradiation.

• The frame [is no longer as in the beginning version] is in a harmony opposed to those of the tones, tints, and lines of the [motif of the] picture.

• They [the visitors in his studio, praising his work] see poetry in what I have done. No, I apply my method and that is all there is to it.
  • as quoted in Post-Impressionism, From Van Gogh to Gauguin, John Rewald, Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1956, p. 86

• I painted like that because I wanted to get through to something new - a kind of painting that was my own.
  • quote from Seurat, John Russell; Thames & Hudson, London 1965 ISBN 0-500-20032-7

• The art of painting is the Art of hollowing out a canvas.
  • from an essay by Roger Fry, in 'The Dial', Camden, New Jersey, September 1926

sorted chronologically, by date.

• Among these independent artists there is one, Monsieur Seurat, who must be singled out. At the time of the Salon of 1882 I praised an excellent portrait of his, done in charcoal, which I was happy to see again. It is accompanied by a series of sketches and a landscape of striking aerial transparency, over which the lively light of a hot summer sun plays freely; all this is done in a sincere and candid style and reveals a depth of conviction which one regrets not to find among certain converts to Impressionism.
  • Quote of art-critic Roger Marx, in his review of the show in 'Le Voltaire', 10 December, 1884; as quoted by John Rewald, in Georges Seurat', a monograph; Wittenborn and Compagny, New York, 1943. p. 18
  • In December 1884 the new 'Society of Independent Artists' organized its first exhibition in the "Pavilion de la Ville de Paris," on the Champs-Elysees in Paris. Seurat was one of the exhibiting artists.

• Yesterday I had a violent run-in with Monsieur Eugene Manet [brother of Édouard Manet and married with Berthe Morisot ] on the subject of Seurat and Paul Signac.. .I beg you to believe me when I say that I rated Manet roundly.. .. I explained to Monsieur Manet, who probably didn't understand anything I said, that Seurat had something new to contribute.. ..that I was personally convinced of the progressiveness of his art, which would yield, at a given moment, extraordinary results.. .We shall see. Monsieur Manet would also have liked to prevent Seurat from showing his figure painting. I protested against this, telling Manet that in that case we would make no concessions, that we were ready, if space were lacking, to limit our paintings ourselves [at the coming eight Impressionist exhibition in Paris], but that we [the Neo-Impressionists] would fight against anyone who sought to impose his choice on us. Things will arrange themselves somehow, parbleu!
  • Quote from Camille Pissarro, in a letter of March 1886, to his son Lucien; as quoted by John Rewald, in Georges Seurat, a monograph; Wittenborn and Compagny, New York, 1943, pp. 27-28

• Great as was my wonderment [visiting the 8th Impressionist Exhibition, May/June 1886, at 1, rue Laffitte in Paris] it was tenfold increased on discovering that only six of these pictures were painted by the new man, Seurat, whose name was unknown to me; the other five were painted by my old friend Pissarro.. .The pictures were hung low, so I went down on my knees and examined the dotting in the pictures signed Seurat, and the dotting in those that were signed, Pissarro. After a strict examination I was able to detect some differences, and I began to recognize the well-known touch even through this most wild and most wonderful transformation. Yes, owing to a long and intimate acquaintance with Pissarro and his work, I could distinguish between him and Seurat, but to the ordinary visitor their pictures were identical.
  • Quote of George Moore, 1886, in Modern Painting, new edition, 1898, p. 89; as quoted by John Rewald, in Georges Seurat', a monograph; Wittenborn and Compagny, New York, 1943, p. 30

• A canicular sky, at four o'clock, summer, boats flowing by to the side, a group of chance Sunday visitors enjoying the fresh air among the trees; and these forty-odd persons [in the painting 'La Grande Jatte' are fixed in a hieratic and simplified composition, they are rigorously drawn, of some we see the backs, some we see full-face, some in profile, some are seated at right angles, some are stretched out horizontally, some are standing up straight. The atmosphere is transparent and singularly vibrant; the surface seems to fluctuate. Perhaps this sensation, which is also experienced in connection with other paintings in the same room, can be explained by the theory of Dove: the retina, expecting distinct rays of light to act on it, perceives in rapid alternation both the disassociated colored elements and their resultant color.
  • Quote of Fénéon 1886, from his review in 'La Vogue'; as quoted by John Rewald, in Georges Seurat', a monograph; Wittenborn and Compagny, New York, 1943, pp. 31-32
  • Fénéon attempted to do what no critic had yet done, to define clearly the new qualities and original traits of the large painting and to explain Seurat's new technique by analyzing 'La Grande Jatte' in its essential elements

• Degas is a hundred times more loyal [than other impressionist artists, then]. - I told Degas that Seurat's painting was very interesting. [Degas:] 'I would have noted that myself, Pissarro, except that the painting is so big!' Very well - if Degas sees nothing in it so much the worse for him. This simply means there is something precious that escapes him. We shall see.
  • Quote of Camille Pissarro, in a letter, Paris, March 1886, to his son Lucien; in Camille Pissarro - Letters to His Son Lucien ed. John Rewald, with assistance of Lucien Pissarro; from the unpublished French letters; transl. Lionel Abel; Pantheon Books Inc. New York, second edition, 1943, p. 80
  • Seurat intended to show his large canvas 'A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of la Grande Jatte'

• The impressionist paintings of Manet, Cezanne and Monsieur Degas, express with exemplary sincerity the new sensations, the new world our eyes experience. Now here the successors to these artists [Seurat & Pissarro ] are trying to perfect the forms created by them. They found in the notes of Delacroix, in the scientific discoveries of Chevreul and Rood, the suggestion for a type of painting in which color impressions are ordered by the combining of little multi-colored brush strokes. But while they were attentive to such improvement of the means, they forgot the true end of art, the sincere and complete expression of vivid sensations. The works of these painters - Pissarro and Seurat are the most notorious - are interesting only as the exercises of highly mannered virtuosos. Their paintings are lifeless for the painters did not strive for sincerity, being too taken up with external formulas.
  • Quote of Teodor de Wyzewa in 'La Revue Independante', Nov.- Dec. 1886; as quoted by John Rewald, in Georges Seurat', a monograph; Wittenborn and Compagny, New York, 1943, p. 31

• Seurat sent two canvases to Martinet [Paris' art-dealer], the latter, after having gone into raptures at Seurat's studio, began to stammer when directly asked to exhibit the paintings: the gas light, the white frame, the painter's own interest, etc., etc. I went to see him [Martinet], and since he had asked me to give him something to sell, he gave the most threadbare excuses; passing by with Seurat that evening we saw the two canvases, they were shown not on the boulevard, but on the Rue de Helder. Again our secret enemies, the Boulards and their consorts have been up to their old tricks. - I will send him nothing..
  • Quote of Camille Pissarro, in a letter, Paris, 7 January 1887, to his son Lucien; in Camille Pissarro - Letters to His Son Lucien ed. John Rewald, with assistance of Lucien Pissarro; from the unpublished French letters; transl. Lionel Abel; Pantheon Books Inc. New York, second edition, 1943, p. 90

• [Seurat] wanted to make of painting a more logical art, more systematic, where less room would be left for accidental effect. Just as there are rules for techniques, he wanted them also for the conception, composition, and expression of subjects.
  • Quote of Félix Fénéon, (c. 1890); as quoted in Seurat in Perspective, ed. Norma Broude, Englewood Cliffs, n. J., Prentice-Hall, 1978, p. 31

• Terrible news to report: Seurat died after a very brief illness. I heard the cruel news only this morning. He had been in bed for three days with a disturbance of the throat. Improperly treated, the illness developed with ruinous speed. It is my impression that the malady was the very one de Bellio told me about some time ago: diphtheria. The funeral takes place tomorrow. You can conceive the grief of all those who followed him or were interested in his artistic researches. It is a great loss for art.. .There is a splendid exhibition of that unfortunate Seurat [at the exhibition of the Independants, March 1891]; some marines, as delicate as ever, somewhat white and weak in coloration, but very artistic, and a large canvas, a 'Circus' which is excellently composed; a clown cut on the foreground dissatisfies us, but the work as a whole has the stamp of an original artist, it is something!
  • Quote of Camille Pissarro, from Paris, 30 March, 1891 in a letter to his son; in Camille Pissarro - Letters to His Son Lucien ed. John Rewald, with assistance of Lucien Pissarro; from the unpublished French letters; transl. Lionel Abel; Pantheon Books Inc. New York, second edition, 1943, pp. 155-156

• Yesterday I went to Seurat's funeral. I saw Signac who was deeply moved by this great misfortune. I believe you are right, pointillism is finished, but I think it will have consequences which later on will be of the utmost importance for art. Seurat really added something.
  • Quote of Camille Pissarro, from Paris, 1 April, 1891, in a letter to his son; in Camille Pissarro - Letters to His Son Lucien ed. John Rewald, with assistance of Lucien Pissarro; from the unpublished French letters; transl. Lionel Abel; Pantheon Books Inc. New York, second edition, 1943, p. 158

• Not only did he [Seurat] never begin his paintings without knowing where he was going, but his concern went even beyond their success as individual works. They had no great meaning for him if they did not prove some rule, some truth of art, or some conquest of the unknown.
  • a friend of Seurat; as quoted in Seurat in Perspective, ed. Norma Broude, Englewood Cliffs, n. J., Prentice-Hall, 1978, p. 31

• As in summer the grass grew high on the bank [in the Seine] and prevented Seurat from seeing the boat which he had put in the very forefront - and he complained of this mischance - I helped him by cutting the grass; for I was almost certain that he was going to sacrifice the boat. Although he was not the slave of nature, he was respectful of it, for he was not imaginative. His concern centered most of all on tints, tones and their interactions.
  • Quote from a letter of Angrand, cited by G. Coquiot in Des Peintres maudits, Paris, Delpuech, 1924, op. cit., p. 39; as quoted by John Rewald, in Georges Seurat', a monograph; Wittenborn and Compagny, New York, 1943. p. 24
  • this observation of Seurat's friend Angrand - who in 1885 and 1886 frequently painted with Seurat on the 'Island of La Grande Jatte' - describes the careful precision with which Seurat approached his subject

• Coming from Paris, turning to the right, close to the spot where they go bathing on Sundays, on the great arm of the river that goes by Courbevoie and Asnieres, one often saw Seurat painting. He told me sadly that the boys who played or bathed in the neighborhood, when they saw his picture, picked up stones..
  • Quote from a letter of Maurice Beaubourg, c. 1889, cited by Coquiot, op. cit., p. 45; as quoted by John Rewald, in Georges Seurat', a monograph; Wittenborn and Compagny, New York, 1943. pp. 24-26
  • Maurice Beaubourg, who used to moor his boat at the island, wrote originally: 'picked up stones and split his canvases'. But as Seurat hardly ever painted on canvas on the island of La Grande Jatte, Feneon was rightly skeptical of this anecdote

• Confronting his subject, Seurat, before touching his little panel with paint, scrutinizes, compares, looks with half shut eyes at the play of light and shadow, observes contrasts, isolates reflections, plays for a long time with the cover of the box which serves as his palette; then, fighting against matter as against nature, he slices from his little heap of colors arranged in the order of the spectrum the various colored elements which form the tint destined best to convey the mystery he has glimpsed. Execution follows on observation, stroke by stroke the panel is covered..
  • Quote of Paul Signac, 1924/1935: in Encyclopedic Francaise, Vol. XVI, Chap. II.; as quoted by John Rewald, in Georges Seurat', a monograph; Wittenborn and Compagny, New York, 1943. p. 23

• I had been in Paris for three years, I had been to all the museums, to Durand-Ruel's gallery and to all the last exhibitions of the old guard impressionists, when Seurat's art was revealed to me [in Paris, 1884] by [his large painting] 'The Bathers (Une Baignade) (Asnieres)', which I saw in the canteen of the Salon des Artistes Independants. Although I did not commit myself in writing, I then completely realized the importance of this painting; the masterpieces which were the logical consequences of it followed without bringing me again the spice of surprise. I think it was at the famous 'Eight Exhibition of Paintings' in the rue Laffitte [in Paris] that I first saw and became acquainted with Seurat and the painters he influenced.
  • Fénéon wrote the author [John Rewald]; as quoted by John Rewald, in Georges Seurat', a monograph; Wittenborn and Compagny, New York, 1943, p. 76 – note 53.

• Seurat... had been for several years... a pupil of Ingres' disciple Lehmann, who had infused him with a pious devotion to his master. Yet... Seurat had also carefully analyzed the paintings of Delacroix, had read with avidity the... Goncourt brothers and had studied scientific treatises on color harmonies by Chevreul... This had led him to conceive the idea of reconciling art and science, an idea inseparable from the general trend of the time to replace intuition by knowledge and... research... Seurat limited his palette to Chevreul's circle of four fundamental colors and their intermediate tones: blue, blue-violet, violet, violet-red, red, red-orange, orange, orange-yellow, yellow, yellow-green, green, green-blue and blue again. These he mixed with white, but to assure... luminosity, color and harmony, he did not mix the colors among themselves. Instead, he chose to employ tiny dots of pure color, set next to each other, and to permit the mixture to be accomplished optically... in the eye of the onlooker, placed at a proper distance. This method he called divisionism.
  • John Rewald, History of Impressionism (1946) pp. 381-382.

• While the small oil sketches Seurat painted out-of-doors in preparation for his compositions often show an impressionist technique, his large canvasses were done in the studio. ...[H]e avoided the sensuous charms which had fascinated the impressionists and sacrificed instantaneous sensations to an almost rigid stylization.
  • John Rewald, History of Impressionism (1946) p. 383.

• Standing on his ladder, he patiently covered his canvas with those tiny multicolored strokes, which give it, from a distance, that intense life and luminosity which are the secrets of his style. At his task, Seurat always concentrated on a single section of the canvas, having previously determined each stroke and color to be applied. Thus he was able to paint steadily without having to step back from the canvas in order to judge the effect obtained.. .Nothing was left to change, to some happily inspired brush stroke.
  • John Rewald, Post-Impressionism, From Van Gogh to Gauguin, John Rewald, Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1956, p. 93.

• The Impressionists had discovered the advantages of optical mixture – allowing the eye to mix adjacent colors [directly on the canvas] rather than mixing them on the palette.. .Seurat would determine the placement of adjacent colors, placed on the canvas in the form of small dots, according to principles of the optical perception of color, developed by [Ogden] Rood in laboratory experiments.
  • William Innes Homer, in: Seurat and the Science of Painting, William Innes Homer, Cambridge M.I.T. Press, 1964, pp. 36-43

• [Seurat had made] the great innovation of that day. This new technique Neo-Impressionism made a great impression on me. Painting had at last been reduced to a scientific formula; it was the secession from the empiricism of the preceding areas.
  • William Innes Homer, in: Seurat and the Science of Painting, William Innes Homer, Cambridge M.I.T. Press, 1964, pp. 99-101

• Seurat's art is an astonishing achievement for so a young painter. At thirty-one - Seurat's age when he died in 1891 - Degas and Cézanne had not [yet] shown their measure. But Seurat was a complete artist at twenty-five when he painted the 'Grande Jatte'.
  • Meyer Schapiro in Modern Art, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Meyer Schapiro, George Braziller, New York, 1968, p. 104

• At the age of just twenty-five Seurat set out to produce a masterpiece A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, his famous and large [3 x 2 meter]] painting, Seurat made in 1885-86 – a painting more than sixty square feet in size – a definitive illustration of the systematic use of scientific color theory [Color-divisionism] in painting.
  • George Heard Hamilton, in Painting and Sculpture in Europe, 1880 - 1940, George Heard Hamilton, Harmondsworth, Penguin 1972, pp. 50-52

• As a student Seurat had begun to read scientific treatises on the visual perception of color, and had become fascinated with the proposition he read in a textbook by Charles Blanc, an art critic, that 'color, which is controlled by fixed laws, can be taught like music'.. .Seurat studied research on color theory that had begun with the discovery by Michel Eugène Chevreul, a chemist at the tapestry workshops of 'Les Gobelins', that the perceived intensity of a color did not depend so much on the pigmentation of the material used as it did on the color of the neighboring fabric – a finding that had subsequently been developed by others, including an American physicist, Ogden Rood, who published a treatise on chromatics in 1879.
  • David Galenson, in Painting Outside the Lines, David Galenson, Harvard University Press, 2001, in 'Notes to Pages' 75-82'

• Seurat read Delacroix's journals and made notes on his use of colour mixing in his paintings. Delacroix's puzzlement over why blobs of blue and yellow failed to produce green could have prepared Seurat to see in his French translation of Rood's Modern Chromatics an answer to the problem. He [Seurat] mentions in his letter to Fénéon that Ogden Rood's book had been brought to his attention in 1881 (the year it was published in France).. .w:Ogden Rood's chief lesson was to make clear the distinction between coloured lights and coloured pigments.. .However, as [w:Herbert, Robert L.|Herbert]] points out, in 1881 and 1882 Seurat's oil paintings were still in the Barbizon tradition and it was not until 1883 that his palette lightened and not until he started 'Grande Jatte|A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte|Grande Jatte' in 1884 that he started to use separate blobs of complementary colour in a clear, conscious manner..
  • blogger Laurence, Sept. 2005

• Seurat's letter to Fénéon was written on 20 June 1890, six years after he had started to use the pointillist technique and it seems that it was written to establish his primacy in all areas concerned with pointillism. It is perhaps hard to understand today but when Fénéon wrote the first serious review of the works of the Neo-Impressionists after the 8th Impressionists Exhibition of 1886 he mentions: 'Messieurs Georges Seurat, Camille and Lucien Pissarro, Dubois-Pillet, and Paul Signac divide the tone in a conscious and scientific manner'. By 1890 other artists had joined the bandwagon and I believe Seurat must have felt that he was in danger of being undervalued or overlooked as the true originator of the movement.
  • blogger Laurence, Sept. 2005

• At the Salon des Indépendants in 1888 Seurat demonstrated the versatility of his technique by exhibiting 'Circus Sideshow', a nighttime outdoor scene in artificial light, and Models, an indoor scene by daylight (Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia). This is Seurat's first nocturnal painting and also his first depiction of popular entertainment. It represents the parade or sideshow of the Circus Corvi, which had set up near the Place de la Nation in Paris in the Spring of 1887. Sideshows were held on the street, for free, to entice passersby to purchase tickets. The onlookers at the far right are queued on stairs leading to the box office.
  • Metropolitan Museum of Art, online database; 'On view at The Met Fifth Avenue in Gallery 825'

• But as this exhibition emphasizes Seurat first formulated his ideas about color and atmosphere on paper, in drawing, working in black and white. Applying his beloved black conté crayon to the specially textured Michallet paper that he almost always used, he created an impressive tonal range of velvety blacks, gossamer veils, crazy all-over scribbles, porous grids, methodical cross hatchings and uncrossed hatchings.
  • Quote of Roberta Smith, in her review 'Georges Seurat: The Drawings', exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art; in The New York Times, 7 January 2008

• Georges Seurat – biography, style and artworks, on Artble
• 106 works by Georges-Pierre Seurat
• John Rewald: GEORGES SEURAT, complete monograph in pdf; on Archive
• article online: 'Seurat: 'Optical Truth' or 'Science seen through a Personality'?'
• A Pointillist Masterpiece Comes Alive