Ulmus chenmoui

Ulmus chenmoui
	Chenmou elm at Morton Arboretum
Conservation status
	; Endangered (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Ulmaceae
Genus:	Ulmus
Species:	U. chenmoui
Binomial name
	Ulmus chenmoui; W.C.Cheng

Ulmus chenmoui W. C. Cheng, commonly known as the Chenmou, or Langya Mountain elm, is a small deciduous tree from the more temperate provinces of Anhui and Jiangsu in eastern China, where it is found at elevations below 200 m on the Langya Shan and Baohua Shan mountains.^[2]^[3] The tree was unknown in the West until 1979, when seeds were sent from Beijing to the De Dorschkamp research institute at Wageningen in the Netherlands.^[4]

Description

Although the tree can grow to a height of < 20 m, the slender trunk rarely exceeds 0.5 m d.b.h.; the bark exfoliates in irregular flakes. The wing-less twigs bear comparatively large obovate to oblong leaves < 18 cm in length^[5] with doubly serrate margins and caudate to acuminate apices. Leaves of specimens grown in the US developed a thick pubescence, giving them a greyish appearance, but this has not been reciprocated in English - grown trees. The perfect wind-pollinated apetalous flowers are produced on second-year shoots in March; the samarae are obovate < 25 mm long by 17 mm wide and ripen in April.

U. chenmoui foliage
Leaves and fruit of U. chenmoui
U. chenmoui samarae

Pests and diseases

U. chenmoui has a very high resistance to Dutch elm disease, on a par with Ulmus pumila,^[4] and is eschewed by the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola, but has a moderate susceptibility to elm yellows.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Cultivation

The tree remains rare in cultivation in the West, but was under evaluation by Dr George Ware at the Morton Arboretum, Illinois, in 2009,^[9] and by Mittempergher in Italy.^[10] It also featured in elm trials conducted by the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) on gravelly soils in the Bois de Vincennes, Paris, but most specimens were killed by drought. Trees grown from seed obtained from the hills near Chu-hsien gave a more encouraging performance in the Netherlands where rather surprisingly, for a species accustomed to milder climes, they survived the cold winter of 1980/81 completely unscathed when temperatures fell to -19 °C^[4]

Notable trees

The UK TROBI Champion grows at the Sir Harold Hillier Gardens near Romsey, Hampshire; one of a pair planted in 1994, it measured 8 m high by 22 cm d.b.h. in 2010.^[11]

Cultivars and hybrid cultivars

There are no known cultivars of this taxon. U. chenmoui was hybridized with the Dutch clone '405' (U. × hollandica × U. minor) by the Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP), Florence, to create 'Morfeo', a robust, fast-growing tree patented and released to commerce in 2011, but later withdrawn owing to its high susceptibility to elm yellows. IPP also hybridized U. chenmoui with the early Dutch hybrid cultivar 'Groeneveld', identifying the new cultivar as 'FL522', however this was never released to commerce.

Etymology

The species was named for Mr Chen Mou, assistant in Dendrology at the National Central University circa 1933, by W C Cheng.^[12]

Accessions

North America

Chicago Botanic Garden, US. Planted in West Collections Area. No acc. details.
Denver Botanic Gardens, US. No acc. details.
Morton Arboretum, US. Acc. nos. 47-95, 105-98, 128-98, 72-2011, 195-2011. [3]
United States National Arboretum, Washington, D.C., US. Acc. nos. 68979, 76220, 76221, 76222, 68032.

Europe

Grange Farm Arboretum, Lincolnshire, UK. Acc. No. 508
Sir Harold Hillier Gardens, Romsey, Hampshire, UK. Acc. No. 1994:0328, 2 specimens planted 1994, and Acc. No. 2010:0285, a third planted 2010^[13]
Verrières le Buisson Arboretum (private), Paris, France. Details not known
Wijdemeren City Council, Netherlands. Brilhoek Nederhorst den Berg Elm Arboretum, 2 planted 2019

Nurseries

Europe

Pan-Global Plants [4], Frampton-on-Severn, Gloucestershire, UK.
Pépinière AOBA [5], Saint Ouen la Rouerie, France.
Ravensberg Nurseries, Clara, Co. Offaly, Eire.

References

^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Ulmus chenmoui". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T32458A9708541. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32458A9708541.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
^ Fu, L. & Jin J. (eds). (1992). China Red Data Book. Rare and endangered plants. Vol. 1. Science Press, Beijing.
^ Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) Flora of China, Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, US. [1]
^ ^a ^b ^c Heybroek, Hans M. (1981). "The Japanese elm species and their value for the Dutch elm breeding program" (PDF). Proceedings of the Dutch Elm Disease Symposium and Workshop, October 5–9, Winnipeg, Manitoba: 78–90.
^ "Photograph labelled U. chienmoui, asianflora Ulmaceae".
^ Mittempergher, L.; La Porter, N. (1991). "Hybridization studies in the Eurasian species of elm (Ulmus spp.)". Silvae Genetica. 40: 237–243.
^ "Elm Leaf Beetle Survey". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
^ Sfalanga, A, Martini, M., Surico, G., & Bertaccini, A. (2002). Involvement of phytoplasmas in a decline of Ulmus chenmoui in Central Italy. Forest Pathology, Vol. 32, Issue 4-5, 265-275, August 2002.
^ Dirr, M. (2009). 'Future Tree Selections'. Western, Spring 2009, p.8. Western Nursery & Landscape Association, St Joseph, Missouri.[2]
^ Mittempergher, L; Santini, A (2004). "The history of elm breeding" (PDF). Investigacion Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales. 13 (1): 161–177.
^ Johnson, O. (2011). Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland, p.168. Kew Publishing, Kew, London. ISBN 9781842464526.
^ Cheng, Wan-chun (1958). "Five New Species of Ulmus in China". Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Science). 1 (1): 68–77.
^ Sir Harold Hillier Arboretum database