Tugarin
Tugarin (Russian: Тугарин) is a mythical creature in Eastern European bylinas and fairy tales, which personifies evil and cruelty and appears in a dragon-like form.
Name forms and origins
[edit]Tugarin has many different names in East Slavic mythology, such as Zmey Tugarin, Zmey Tugaretin, Zmeishche Tugarishche and others.[1]
"Tugarin" as a corruption of "Tugar-Khan" (Tugor-Khan of the Turkic Polovets),[2][1][3] has been contested by an etymology from the root tug "grief".[a]
Description
[edit]Tugarin, although spoken of as a dragon, largely retains an "anthropomorphic" form, and is seen riding a horse.[7] It appears he has wings with which to fly, and he soars to the air during the duel with Alyosha.[8] The flying wings are certainly a dragon-like trait, but some versions explain it away as a contraption made of paper, attached to his horse and not to himself.[9]
Tugarin was a great glutton, which is somewhat of a dragon-like trait.[7] He could stuff a whole wheel of bread in each cheek, then deposit a whole swan on his tongue and swallow it.[10][11] This is similarly but somewhat differently sung in some versions of bylinas.[12]
He had a huge head,[13] and in some texts, his severed head rolled off like a beer cauldron,[14] or it rolled off like an onion, later to be described as big enough to serve as a cauldron.[15][b]
The pagan Tugarin[16] is also portrayed as Roman Catholic rival of Prince Vladimir.[17][c]
Nature myth
[edit]It has been suggested by some commentators that Tugarin represents the element of fire, since in some versions of "Alyosha Popovich", Tugarin's torso is covered with fiery snakes which he uses as a weapon, attempts to strangle Alyosha with smoke, throw fiery sparks at him, scorch him with fire, and shoot firebrands (головни́, or ignited logs of wood) at him.[1]
Tugarin may also represent the element of water, because their duel usually takes place near a river (usually Safat River[1]). However Tugarin is defeated due to rain, which spoils his papery wings.[1]
Combat with Alyosha
[edit]Tugarin Zmeyevich is best known from the bylina about his duel with Alyosha Popovich, which comes in many different versions.[1] The story is also found in the prose fairytale version.[18][10]
In some versions, they two meet for the duel at Safat River, where they pitch pavilions.[19] Tugarin roars in a booming voice,[19] or else hisses like a snake.[1]
He is flying in the sky flapping his paper-like wings, which fail him when it rains. Alyosha Popovich wins the duel, cuts Tugarin's body into pieces and scatters them across the field.[1]
Some bylinas mention Tugarin's intimate relations with the wife of knyaz Vladimir. When she finds out about his death, she turns sad and reproaches Alyosha Popovich for separating her from her "dear friend".[1]
Other dragons
[edit]Tugarin Zmeyevich is a chtonical character of an ancient dragon-fighting myth, related to Zmey Gorynych (Russian: “Змей Горыныч”, Ukrainian: “Змій Горинич”), Fiery Dragon (Russian: “Огненный Змей”) etc.[1]
Modern depictions
[edit]The legend of Tugarin Zmeyevich is mentioned in the novel The City Beautiful by Aden Polydoros, with the character Yakov imagining the antisemitic murderer of his family as Tugarin. The dragon is portrayed as an amalgamation of burned corpses.[20]
Explanatory notes
[edit]- ^ Related to verb tuzhit тужить "to grieve".
- ^ Alyosha plays a game with it by tossing the head onto his spear. This is seenfby Alyosha's follower at a distance. In one version, the follower is called Marýshko, and he announces it is Alyosha playing with the "little head".[16]
- ^ Of course, Aloyosha Popovich too has the "Son of Pope" byname, his father being called the "prebendary León" (or "Catheral priest Leontii"[10]) or "León the pope".[11]
References
[edit]- Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Тугарин" in Mythological Dictionary, E. Meletinsky (ed.) Soviet Encyclopedia (1991); Ivanov, V.V.; Toporov, V. N. Тугарин (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
- ^ Hapgood (tr.) (1886), p. 345.
- ^ a b "Тугарин" in Fasmer's Mythological Dictionary
- ^ Bailey & Ivanova (1998), p. 123.
- ^ Prokofieff, Sergei O. (1993), The Spiritual Origins of Eastern Europe and the Future Mysteries of the Holy Grail, Temple Lodge Publishing, p. 488, ISBN 9780904693553 ISBN 0904693554
- ^ Каллаш, Этногр. Обозр., 1889, No 3, стр. 207, cited by Fasmer's Mythological Dictionary.[3]
- ^ a b Bailey & Ivanova (1998), p. 122.
- ^ Afanáśev, "Alyósha Popóvich", Magnus (tr.) (1916), p. 168
- ^ "Alyosha Popovich, his Squire Yekim, and Tugarin", Bailey & Ivanova (1998), pp. 124–129 and preface, p. 122
- ^ a b c Afanas'ev, "312. Alyosha Popovich", Haney (2015)
- ^ a b Magnus (tr.) (1916), p. 166.
- ^ Bailey & Ivanova (1998), p. 126.
- ^ Bailey & Ivanova (1998), p. 124.
- ^ Alexander (1973), p. 271.
- ^ Bailey & Ivanova (1998), pp. 124–129.
- ^ a b Magnus (tr.) (1916), p. 169.
- ^ "[Turgarin] converted.. Vladimir's tsardom to the Latin faith" (#312, Haney (2015))
- ^ "Alyósha Popóvich", Magnus (tr.) (1916), pp. 165–169
- ^ a b Hapgood (tr.) (1886), p. 89.
- ^ Polydoros, Aden (2021). The City Beautiful. Inkyard Press. ISBN 978-1-335-40250-9.
- Bibliography
- texts
- Afanasʹev, Aleksandr Nikolaevich (2015). "#312 Alyosha Popovich". In Haney, Jack V. (ed.). The Complete Folktales of A. N. Afanas'ev. Vol. 2. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-4968-0275-0.
- Afanasʹev, Aleksandr Nikolaevich (1916). Russian Folk-tales. Translated by Magnus, Leonard Arthur (2nd ed.). New York: E.P. Dutton. pp. 165–169.
- Bailey, James; Ivanova, Tatʹiana Grigorʹevna, eds. (1998). Anthology of Russian Folk Epics (Folklores and folk cultures of Eastern Europe). Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe Inc. p. 122. ISBN 0-585-26579-8. OCLC 940533848.
- Hapgood, Isabel Florence (1886). The Epic Songs of Russia. Armonk, New York: C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 88–. OCLC 560334961.
- studies
- Alexander, Alex Edward (1973), Bylina and Fairy Tale: The Origin of Russian Heroic Poetry, The Hague: Mouton, OCLC 164086156