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Cantons of Switzerland

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For Districts within each Swiss Canton, see Districts of Switzerland.

Swiss cantons
Schweizer Kantone (German) Cantons suisses (French)
Cantoni svizzeri (Italian) Chantuns svizras (Romansh)
  • Also known as:
  • Stände, États, Stati
CategoryFederated state
LocationSwitzerland
Found inRegions
Created
  • 13th century
Number26 cantons (as of 1979)
Populations16,003 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) – 1,487,969 (Canton of Zürich)
Areas37 km2 (14 sq mi) – 7,105 km2 (2,743 sq mi)
Government
Subdivisions
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The 26 cantons of Switzerland[1] are the member states of the Swiss Confederation. The nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy in the form of the first three confederate allies used to be referred to as the Waldstätte. Two important periods in the development of the Old Swiss Confederacy are summarized by the terms Acht Orte ('Eight Cantons'; from 1353 to 1481) and Dreizehn Orte ('Thirteen Cantons', from 1513 to 1798).[2]

Each canton of the Old Swiss Confederacy, formerly also Ort ('lieu/locality', from before 1450), or Stand ('estate', from c. 1550), was a fully sovereign state with its own border controls, army, and currency from at least the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) until the establishment of the Swiss federal state in 1848, with a brief period of centralised government during the Helvetic Republic (1798–1803). The term Kanton has been widely used since the 19th century.[3]

The number of cantons was increased to 19 with the Act of Mediation (1803), with the recognition of former subject territories as full cantons. The Federal Treaty of 1815 increased the number to 22 due to the accession of former associates of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The canton of Jura acceded as the 23rd canton with its secession from Bern in 1979.[4] The official number of cantons was increased to 26 in the federal constitution of 1999, which designated former half-cantons as cantons.

The areas of the cantons vary from 37 km2 (15 sq. mi.) (Basel-Stadt) to 7,105 km2 (2743 sq. mi.) (Grisons); the populations (as of 2018) range from 16,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) to 1.5 million (Zürich).

Terminology

[edit]

The term canton, now also used as the English term for administrative subdivisions of other countries, originates in French usage in the late 15th century (recorded in Fribourg in 1467),[5] from a word for "edge, corner", at the time the literal translation of Early Modern High German ort.[6] After 1490, canton was increasingly used in French and Italian documents to refer to the members of the Swiss Confederacy.[3] English use of canton in reference to the Swiss Confederacy (as opposed to the heraldic sense) dates to the early 17th century.[7]

In the Old Swiss Confederacy, the term Ort (plural: Orte) was in use from the early 15th century as a generic term for the member cantons.[3] The founding cantons specifically were also known as Waldstätte 'forest settlements' (singular: Waldstatt). The formulaic Stette und Waldstette for the members of the early confederacy is recorded in the mid-14th century, used interchangeably with Stett und Lender ('cities and lands', 'city cantons and rural cantons') until the late 15th century.[8] Ort was increasingly replaced by Stand (plural: Stände) 'estate' about 1550, a term taken to imply liberty and sovereignty. Abolished in the Helvetic Republic, the term 'Stand' was revived in 1815 and remains in use today.[3][9]

The French term canton adopted into German after 1648, and then only in occasional use until the early 19th century: prominent usage of Ort and Stand gradually disappeared in German-speaking Switzerland from the time of the Helvetic Republic. Only with the Act of Mediation of 1803 did German Kanton become an official designation, retained in the Swiss Constitution of 1848.[3] [10]

The term Stand (French: état, Italian: stato) remains in synonymous usage and is reflected in the name of the upper chamber of the Swiss Parliament, the Council of States (German: Ständerat, French: Conseil des États, Italian: Consiglio degli Stati, Romansh: Cussegl dals Stadis).

In the modern era, since Neuchâtel ceased to be a principality in 1848, all Swiss cantons can be considered to have a republican form of government. Some cantons formally describe themselves as republics in their constitutions. This applies to the Romance-speaking cantons in particular: Geneva (formally République et canton de Genève, 'Republic and canton of Geneva'), Jura, Neuchâtel, Valais,[11] Vaud[12] and Ticino.[13]

History

[edit]
Main articles: Eight Cantons, Thirteen Cantons, Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland, and Switzerland as a federal state
Further information: Flags and coats of arms of cantons of Switzerland
The "Thirteen-Canton Confederation" of the Old Swiss Confederacy (1513–1798)

In the 16th century, the Old Swiss Confederacy was composed of 13 sovereign confederate allies (the Thirteen Cantons; German: Die Dreizehn Alten Orte), and there were two different kinds: five rural states (German: Länder) – Uri, Schwyz (which became eponymous of the confederacy), Unterwalden, Glarus, Appenzell – and eight urban states (German: Städte) – Zürich, Bern, Luzern, Zug, Basel, Fribourg, Solothurn, Schaffhausen.

Though they were technically part of the Holy Roman Empire, they had become de facto independent when the Swiss defeated Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 in Dornach.[14]

In the early modern period, the individual confederate allies came to be seen as republics; while the six traditional allies had a tradition of direct democracy in the form of the Landsgemeinde, the urban states operated via representation in city councils, de facto oligarchic systems dominated by families of the patriciate.[note 1]

The old system was abandoned with the formation of the Helvetic Republic following the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798. The cantons of the Helvetic Republic had merely the status of an administrative subdivision with no sovereignty. The Helvetic Republic collapsed within five years, and cantonal sovereignty was restored with the Act of Mediation of 1803. The status of Switzerland as a federation of states was restored, at the time including 19 cantons (the six accessions to the early modern Thirteen Cantons being composed of former associates and subject territories: St. Gallen, Grisons, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, Vaud). Three additional western cantons, Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva, acceded in 1815.

The process of "Restoration", completed by 1830, returned most of the former feudal rights to the cantonal patriciates, leading to rebellions among the rural population. The Radicals embodied these democratic forces calling for a new federal constitution. This tension, paired with religious issues ("Jesuit question") escalated into armed conflict in the 1840s, with the brief Sonderbund War. The victory of the Liberal-Radicals resulted in the formation of Switzerland as a federal state in 1848. The cantons retained far-reaching sovereignty but were no longer allowed to maintain individual standing armies or international relations. As the revolutions of 1848 in Western Europe had failed elsewhere, Switzerland during the later 19th century (and with the exception of the French Third Republic, until the end of World War I) found itself as an isolated democratic republic, surrounded by the restored monarchies of France, Italy, Austria-Hungary and Germany.

Constitutions and powers

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See also: List of cantonal executives of Switzerland and List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland
The 22 cantonal coats of arms (all but Jura, with the half-cantons represented jointly) in stained glass set in the dome of the Federal Palace of Switzerland (c. 1900)

The Swiss Federal Constitution[16] declares the cantons to be sovereign to the extent that their sovereignty is not limited by federal law.[17] Areas specifically reserved to the Confederation are the armed forces, currency, the postal service, telecommunications, immigration into and emigration from the country, granting asylum, conducting foreign relations with sovereign states, civil and criminal law, weights and measures, and customs duties.

Each canton has its own constitution, legislature, executive, police and courts.[17] Similar to the Confederation, a directorial system of government is followed by the cantons.

The cantonal legislatures are unicameral parliaments, with their size varying between 58 and 200 seats. A few legislatures also involve or did involve general popular assemblies known as Landsgemeinden; the use of this form of legislature has declined: at present, it exists only in the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus. The cantonal executives consist of either five or seven members, depending on the canton.[18] For the names of the institutions, see the list of cantonal executives and list of cantonal legislatures.

The cantons retain all powers and competencies not delegated to the Confederation by the federal constitution or law: most significantly the cantons are responsible for healthcare, welfare, law enforcement, public education, and retain the power of taxation. Each canton defines its official language(s). Cantons may conclude treaties not only with other cantons but also with foreign states (respectively Articles 48 and 56 of the Federal Constitution).

The cantonal constitutions determine the internal organisation of the canton, including the degree of autonomy accorded to the municipalities, which varies but almost always includes the power to levy taxes and pass municipal laws; some municipalities have their own police forces.

As at the federal level, all cantons provide for some form of direct democracy. Citizens may demand a popular vote to amend the cantonal constitution or laws or to veto laws or spending bills passed by the parliament. Other than in the instances of general popular assemblies in Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus, democratic rights are exercised by secret ballot. The right of foreigners to vote varies by canton, as does whether Swiss citizens living abroad (and registered to vote in a canton) can take part in cantonal voting.

Swiss citizens are citizens of a particular municipality (the place of origin) and the canton in which that municipality is part. Cantons, therefore, have a role in and set requirements for the granting of citizenship (naturalisation), though the process is typically undertaken at a municipal level and is subject to federal law.

Switzerland has only one federal public holiday (1 August); public holidays otherwise vary from canton to canton.

List

[edit]

The cantons are listed in their order of precedence given in the federal constitution.[note 2] This reflects the historical order of precedence of the Eight Cantons in the 15th century, followed by the remaining cantons in the order of their historical accession to the confederacy.[19]

Arms
[note 3] 		Code Name in official language(s) Name in English As a Swiss canton since Capital GDP (2020)[21]
in million CHF 		GDP per
capita (2020)[22]
in CHF 		Population
[note 4] 		Area (km2) Density
(per km2) [note 5] 		No. munic. (2018)[23] Official languages
1 Coat of arms of Zürich

      

ZH Zürich Zurich 1351 Zurich 149,004 96,359 1,553,423 1,729 898 166 German
2 Coat of arms of Bern

      

BE Bern; Berne Bern / Berne 1353 Bern 80,209 77,027 1,043,132 5,960 175 347 German, French
3 Coat of arms of Luzern

      

LU Luzern Lucerne 1332 Lucerne 28,176 67,936 416,347 1,494 279 83 German
4 Coat of arms of Uri

      

UR Uri Uri 1291
[note 6] 		Altdorf 1,985 54,006 36,819 1,077 34 20 German
5 Coat of arms of Schwyz

      

SZ Schwyz Schwyz 1291
[note 6] 		Schwyz 9,876 61,223 162,157 908 179 30 German
6 Coat of arms of Obwalden

      

OW Obwalden Obwalden / Obwald 1291
[note 6] or 1315 (as part of Unterwalden) 		Sarnen 2,564 67,453 38,108 491 78 7 German
7 Coat of arms of Nidwalden

      

NW Nidwalden Nidwalden / Nidwald 1291
[note 6] (as Unterwalden) 		Stans 2,867 66,209 43,520 276 158 11 German
8 Coat of arms of Glarus

      

GL Glarus Glarus 1352 Glarus 2,763 67,849 40,851 685 60 3 German
9 Coat of arms of Zug

      

ZG Zug Zug / Zoug 1352 Zug 20,029 156,210 128,794 239 539 11 German
10 Coat of arms of Fribourg

      

FR Fribourg; Freiburg Fribourg / Freiburg 1481 Fribourg 19,180 59,263 325,496 1,671 195 136 French, German
11 Coat of arms of Solothurn

      

SO Solothurn Solothurn / Soleure 1481 Solothurn 18,029 65,237 277,462 790 351 109 German
12 Coat of arms of Basel-City

      

BS Basel-Stadt Basel-Stadt / Basel-City 1501 (as Basel until 1833/1999) Basel 37,168 189,354 201,156 37 5,444 3 German
13 Coat of arms of Basel-Country

      

BL Basel-Landschaft Basel-Landschaft / Basel-Country 1501 (as Basel until 1833/1999) Liestal 20,567 70,866 292,955 518 566 86 German
14 Coat of arms of Schaffhausen

      

SH Schaffhausen Schaffhausen / Schaffhouse 1501 Schaffhausen 7,244 87,569 83,107 298 278 26 German
15 Coat of arms of Appenzell Ausserrhoden

      

AR Appenzell Ausserrhoden Appenzell Ausserrhoden / Appenzell Outer-Rhodes 1513 (as Appenzell until 1597/1999) Herisau[note 7] 3,190 57,601 55,309 243 228 20 German
16 Coat of arms of Appenzell Innerrhoden

      

AI Appenzell Innerrhoden Appenzell Innerrhoden / Appenzell Inner-Rhodes 1513 (as Appenzell until 1597/1999) Appenzell 1,043 64,358 16,293 172 94 6 German
17 Coat of arms of St. Gallen

      

SG St. Gallen St. Gallen / St. Gall 1803
[note 8] 		St. Gallen 38,041 74,210 514,504 2,031 253 77 German
18 Coat of arms of Graubünden

      

GR Graubünden; Grischun; Grigioni Grisons / Graubünden 1803
[note 9] 		Chur 14,519 72,754 200,096 7,105 28 108 German, Romansh, Italian
19 Coat of arms of Aargau

      

AG Aargau Aargau 1803
[note 10] 		Aarau 43,590 63,177 694,072 1,404 494 212 German
20 Coat of arms of Thurgau

      

TG Thurgau Thurgau / Thurgovia 1803
[note 11] 		Frauenfeld[note 12] 17,208 61,190 282,909 992 285 80 German
21 Coat of arms of Ticino

      

TI Ticino Ticino / Tessin 1803
[note 13] 		Bellinzona 29,311 83,450 350,986 2,812 125 115 Italian
22 Coat of arms of Vaud

      

VD Vaud Vaud 1803
[note 14] 		Lausanne 56,898 70,250 814,762 3,212 254 309 French
23 Coat of arms of Valais

      

VS Valais; Wallis Valais 1815
[note 15] 		Sion 19,194 55,313 348,503 5,224 67 126 French, German
24 Coat of arms of Neuchâtel

      

NE Neuchâtel Neuchâtel 1815/1857
[note 16] 		Neuchâtel 15,343 87,080 175,894 802 219 31 French
25 Coat of arms of Geneva

      

GE Genève Geneva 1815
[note 17] 		Geneva 51,976 102,876 506,343 282 1,792 45 French
26 Coat of arms of Jura

      

JU Jura Jura 1979
[note 18] 		Delémont 4,687 63,643 73,709 839 88 55 French
- Coat of arms of Switzerland CH Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft;
Confédération suisse;
Confederazione Svizzera;
Confederaziun svizra 		Swiss Confederation 1815/1848
[note 19] 		(Bern) 694,662 80,418 8,670,300 41,291 210 2,222 German, French, Italian, Romansh

The two-letter abbreviations for Swiss cantons are widely used, e.g. on car license plates. They are also used in the ISO 3166-2 codes of Switzerland with the prefix "CH-" (Confœderatio Helvetica — Helvetian Confederation — Helvetia having been the ancient Roman name of the region). CH-SZ, for example, is used for the canton of Schwyz.

Half-cantons

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Six of the 26 cantons are traditionally, but no longer officially, called "half-cantons" (German: Halbkanton, French: demi-canton, Italian: semicantone, Romansh: mez-chantun). In two instances (Basel and Appenzell) this was a consequence of a historic division, whilst in the case of Unterwalden a historic mutual association, resulting in three pairs of half-cantons. The other 20 cantons were, and in some instances still are[51]—though only in a context where it is needed to distinguish them from any half-cantons—typically termed "full" cantons in English.[52]

The first article of the 1848 and 1874 constitutions constituted the Confederation as the union of "twenty-two sovereign cantons", referring to the half-cantons as "Unterwalden (ob und nid dem Wald ['above and beneath the woods'])", "Basel (Stadt und Landschaft ['city and country'])" and "Appenzell (beider Rhoden ['both Rhoden'])".[53] The 1874 constitution was amended to list 23 cantons with the accession of the Canton of Jura in 1978.

The historic half-cantons, and their pairings, are still recognizable in the first article of the Swiss Federal Constitution of 1999 by being joined to their other "half" with the conjunction "and":

The People and the cantons of Zurich, Bern, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Obwalden and Nidwalden, Glarus, Zug, Fribourg, Solothurn, Basel-Stadt and Basel-Landschaft, Schaffhausen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden and Appenzell Innerrhoden, St. Gallen, Graubünden, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, Vaud, Valais, Neuchâtel, Geneva, and Jura form the Swiss Confederation.

— Article 1 of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation[54]

The 1999 constitutional revision retained the traditional distinction, on the request of the six cantonal governments, as a way to mark the historic association of the half-cantons to each other.[55] While the older constitutions referred to these states as "half-cantons", a term that remains in popular use, the 1999 revision and official terminology since then use the appellation "cantons with half of a cantonal vote".[56]

The 1⁄2, 1 and 2 francs coins as minted since 1874 represent the number of cantons by 22 stars surrounding the figure of Helvetia on the obverse. The design of the coins was altered to show 23 stars, including Jura, beginning with the 1983 batch. The design has remained unchanged since, and does not reflect the official number of "26 cantons" introduced in 1999.[57]

Caricature of the division of Basel, 1833

The reasons for the existence of the three pairs of half-cantons are varied:

With their original circumstances of partition now a historical matter, the half-cantons are since 1848 equal to the other cantons in all but two respects:[61]

  • They elect only one member of the Council of States instead of two (Cst. art. 150 par. 2). This means there are a total of 46 seats in the council.
  • In popular referendums about constitutional amendments, which require for adoption a national popular majority as well as the assent of a majority of the cantons (Ständemehr / majorité des cantons), the result of the half-cantons' popular vote counts only one half of that of the other cantons (Cst. arts. 140, 142).[62] This means that for purposes of a constitutional referendum, at least 12 out of a total of 23 cantonal popular votes must support the amendment.[63]

Between 1831 and 1833 the canton of Schwyz was divided into half-cantons: (Inner) Schwyz and the break-away Outer Schwyz; in this instance, the half-cantons were forced by the Confederation to settle their disputes and reunite.

In the 20th century, some Jura separatists suggested a new canton of Jura to be divided into half-cantons of North Jura and South Jura.[64] Instead, North Jura became the (full) canton of Jura while South Jura remains in the canton of Bern as the region of Bernese Jura.

Names in national languages

[edit]

The name of each canton in its own official language is shown in bold.

Abbr English[note 20] German French Italian Romansh
AG Aargau; Argovia Aargauⓘ Argovie Argovia Argoviaⓘ
AI Appenzell Innerrhoden; Appenzell Inner-Rhodes Appenzell Innerrhodenⓘ Appenzell Rhodes-Intérieures Appenzello Interno Appenzell Dadensⓘ
AR Appenzell Ausserrhoden; Appenzell Outer-Rhodes Appenzell Ausserrhodenⓘ Appenzell Rhodes-Extérieures Appenzello Esterno Appenzell Dadorⓘ
BS Basel-Stadt; Basel-City Basel-Stadtⓘ Bâle-Ville Basilea Città Basilea-Citadⓘ
BL Basel-Landschaft; Basel-Country Basel-Landschaftⓘ Bâle-Campagne Basilea Campagna Basilea-Champagnaⓘ
BE Bern; Berne Bernⓘ Berne Berna Bernaⓘ
FR Fribourg; Friburg[citation needed] Freiburgⓘ Fribourg Friburgo Friburgⓘ
GE Genève; Geneva Genfⓘ Genève Ginevra Genevraⓘ
GL Glarus; Glaris[citation needed] Glarusⓘ Glaris Glarona Glarunaⓘ
GR Grisons; Graubünden Graubündenⓘ Grisons Grigioni Grischunⓘ
JU Jura Juraⓘ Jura Giura Giuraⓘ
LU Lucerne Luzernⓘ Lucerne Lucerna Lucernaⓘ
NE Neuchâtel Neuenburgⓘ Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Neuchâtel
NW Nidwalden; Nidwald[citation needed] Nidwaldenⓘ Nidwald Nidvaldo Sutsilvaniaⓘ
OW Obwalden; Obwald[citation needed] Obwaldenⓘ Obwald Obvaldo Sursilvaniaⓘ
SH Schaffhausen; Schaffhouse Schaffhausenⓘ Schaffhouse Sciaffusa Schaffusaⓘ
SZ Schwyz Schwyzⓘ Schwyz (or Schwytz) Svitto Svizⓘ
SO Solothurn; Soleure Solothurnⓘ Soleure Soletta Soloturnⓘ
SG St. Gallen; St Gall St. Gallenⓘ Saint-Gall San Gallo Son Gaglⓘ
TG Thurgau; Thurgovia Thurgauⓘ Thurgovie Turgovia Turgoviaⓘ
TI Ticino; Tessin Tessinⓘ Tessin Ticino Tessinⓘ
UR Uri Uriⓘ Uri Uri Uriⓘ
VS Valais; Wallis Wallisⓘ Valais Vallese Vallaisⓘ
VD Vaud Waadtⓘ Vaud Vaud Vadⓘ
ZG Zug; Zoug Zugⓘ Zoug Zugo Zugⓘ
ZH Zürich; Zurich Zürichⓘ Zurich Zurigo Turitgⓘ

Admission of new cantons

[edit]
Main article: Territorial evolution of Switzerland

The enlargement of Switzerland by way of the admission of new cantons ended in 1815. The latest formal attempt considered by Switzerland was in 1919 from Vorarlberg but subsequently rejected. A few representatives submitted in 2010 a parliamentary motion to consider enlargement although it was widely seen as anti-EU rhetoric rather than a serious proposal.[65] The motion was eventually dropped and not even examined by the parliament.[66]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Zug was the exception in this, in being an urban state and still holding a Landsgemeinde.[15][clarification needed]
  2. ^ This is the order generally used in Swiss official documents. At the head of the list are the three city cantons that were considered preeminent in the Old Swiss Confederacy; the other cantons are listed in order of accession to the Confederation. This traditional order of precedence among the cantons has no practical relevance in the modern federal state, in which the cantons are equal to one another, although it still determines formal precedence among the cantons' officials (see Swiss order of precedence).
  3. ^ Cantonal coats of arms shown with cantonal heraldic colors (Standesfarben). Standesfarben were used to identify the (historical) cantons when the full banner was not available for display, although there is overlap; Unterwalden and Solothurn share the same colours, as do Basel and Appenzell, and with the accession of the modern cantons, Valais and Basel-City, and St. Gallen and Thurgau.[20]
  4. ^ See references for dates.
  5. ^ Per km2, see References for dates.
  6. ^ a b c d founding forest-canton, foundation date traditionally given as either 1307, 1304 or 1291 (see Foundation of the Old Swiss Confederacy).
  7. ^ Seat of government and parliament is Herisau; the seat of the judicial authorities is Trogen.
  8. ^ Act of Mediation; formed out of the Canton of Säntis and the northern half of the Canton of Linth.
  9. ^ Act of Mediation; formerly the Canton of Raetia, comprising the earlier Three Leagues.
  10. ^ Act of Mediation; created from the cantons of Aargau (canton of the Helvetic Republic, from territory previously controlled by Bern) and Baden (previously a Swiss condominium), together with Fricktal (before 1802 not Swiss territory).
  11. ^ Act of Mediation; coterminous with the canton of Thurgau of the Helvetic Republic (1798), formed from the county of Thurgau, a Swiss condominium.
  12. ^ Seat of parliament half-yearly alternates between Frauenfeld and Weinfelden.
  13. ^ Act of Mediation; combining the former cantons of Bellinzona and Lugano; see Ennetbirgische Vogteien.
  14. ^ Act of Mediation, formerly Canton of Léman.
  15. ^ Restoration, until 1798 the Prince-bishopric of Sion and the République des Sept-Dizains, briefly annexed by France as Simplon département during 1810–1813.
  16. ^ claimed by Frederick William III of Prussia until the Neuchâtel Crisis of 1856–1857
  17. ^ previously an independent republic, annexed by France during 1798–1813.
  18. ^ seceded from Bern
  19. ^ The Restored Confederacy of 1815 had the modern borders and introduced the modern Swiss coat of arms, but the cantons remained largely sovereign, without a federal government or parliament. The federal constitution of 1848 introduced the Federal Assembly, Federal Council and the notion of federal citizenship.
  20. ^ The most commonly used forms in English are mostly adopted from either French or German; in some cases, there may have been a historical shift in preference, e.g. from the French form Berne to the German form Bern; in individual cases, the Latin form may be current, certainly in the case of Geneva and arguably for Argovia, Thurgovia. Actual anglicized forms have been used, for example Basle.

References

[edit]

Citations

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  1. ^ (German: Kanton; French: canton [kɑ̃tɔ̃]; Italian: cantone; Sursilvan and Surmiran: cantun; Vallader and Puter: Chantun; Sutsilvan: cantùn; Rumantsch Grischun: chantun)
  2. ^ rendered "the 'confederacy of eight'" and "the 'Thirteen-Canton Confederation'", respectively, in: "Chronology" (official site). Bern, Switzerland: The Swiss Federal Administration. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e Andreas Kley: Kantone in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 13 April 2016. "Die Bündnispartner der frühen Eidgenossenschaft wurden im 14. Jh. meist als Städte und Länder, ab der 1. Hälfte des 15. Jh. immer mehr als Orte bezeichnet."
  4. ^ François Schifferdecker, François Kohler: Jura (canton) in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 20 July 2015.
  5. ^ Comptes Trés. 129, Archives nat. ds Pat. Suisse rom., cited after TFLi.
  6. ^ "So werden die Cantons der Schweizer daselbst nur Orte, oder Ortschaften genannt. Das gleichbedeutende Canton stammet auf ähnliche Art von Kante, Ecke, ab, wie Ort von Ort, Ecke." Johann Christoph Adelung, Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart (1774–1786), s.v. "Der Ort". Old French canton 'corner, angle' is a loan from Occitan, first recorded in the 13th century, in Occitan adopted from North Italian cantone, where the sense "portion of territory" alongside "edge, corner" developed from by the early 11th century (TFLi).
  7. ^ etymonline.com: "1530s, 'corner, angle,' [...] From 1570s as a term in heraldry and flag descriptions. From c. 1600 as 'a subdivision of a country;' applied to the sovereign states of the Swiss republic from the 1610s."
  8. ^ Josef Wiget: Waldstätte in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 27 December 2014.
  9. ^ HLS: Insbesonders die um 1550 aufgekommene Benennung als Stand, die Freiheit und Souveränität implizierte, erfreute sich grösserer Beliebtheit. Die Helvet. Revolution brachte 1798 die Begriffe Ort und Stand zum Verschwinden. Für die neuen obersten Gebietseinheiten innerhalb der Helvet. Republik setzte sich die Bezeichnung Kanton durch. Nach der Mediationsakte (1803) galten die Begriffe Kanton und Stand synonym, nach dem Bundesvertrag (1815) benannten sich die K. bevorzugt als Stände. Im Bundesstaat bezeichnen die Bundesverfassungen seit 1848 die "souveränen" Gliedstaaten des Bundes als K., in dt. Sprache synonym auch als Stände.
  10. ^ HLS: Als franz. Entsprechung zu Ort fand der Begriff canton (Winkel, Landschaft, Ort) zuerst in der Westschweiz Verwendung; ab 1475 ist er in Freiburger Akten überliefert. Die Bezeichnung der eidg. Orte als K. verbreitete sich ab den 1490er Jahren im franz. und ital. Sprachgebiet und bald auch in andern Teilen Europas. Im deutschsprachigen Raum dagegen erscheint er erst ab 1650, ohne sich gegen die bevorzugten Begriffe Ort und Stand durchzusetzen.
  11. ^ "Constitution du Canton du Valais". Swiss Federal Council. Le Valais est une république démocratique, souveraine ... incorporée comme Canton à la Confédération suisse.
  12. ^ "Constitution du canton de Vaud". Swiss Federal Council. Le Canton de Vaud est une république démocratique [... qui] est l'un des États de la Confédération suisse.
  13. ^ "Costituzione della Repubblica e Cantone del Ticino, del 4 luglio 1830" (in Italian). Swiss Federal Council. Le canton du Tessin est une république démocratique [... qui] est membre de la Confédération suisse et sa souveraineté n'est limitée que par la constitution fédérale.
  14. ^ "Switzerland/History/Shaking off the Empire" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911.
  15. ^ Jackson Spielvogel, Western Civilization: Volume I: To 1715, (Cengage 2008), p. 386.
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  18. ^ Swiss Government website Archived 19 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine with links to each cantonal government, accessed 11 November 2008
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  20. ^ Louis, Mühlemann, Wappen und Fahnen der Schweiz, 700 Jahre Confoederatio Helvetica, Lengnau, 3rd ed. 1991. Swiss Armed Forces, Fahnenreglement, Reglement 51.340 d (2013).[1] Archived 11 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Federal Statistical Office (12 November 2019). "Cantonal gross domestic product (GDP)". www.bfs.admin.ch. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  22. ^ Federal Statistical Office. "Cantonal gross domestic product (GDP) per capita". www.bfs.admin.ch. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
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  55. ^ Felix Hafner / Rainer J. Schweizer in Ehrenzeller, Art. 1 N 2; Häfelin, N 966.
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  58. ^ Pacte fédéral du 1er Archived 30 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine août 1291] sur Admin.ch "vallée inférieure d'Unterwald" signifie Nidwald.
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  60. ^ Réforme catholique, Contre-Réforme et scission Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Article du dictionnaire historique de la Suisse
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  64. ^ Bassand, Michel (1975). "The Jura Problem". Journal of Peace Research. 12 (2: Peace Research in Switzerland). Sage Publications: 139–150: 142. doi:10.1177/002234337501200206. JSTOR 423158. S2CID 111181454.
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  66. ^ Baettig, Dominique (18 March 2010). "Pour une intégration facilitée de régions limitrophes en qualité de nouveaux cantons suisses". The Federal Assembly — The Swiss Parliament. Retrieved 11 July 2017. L'intervention est classée, l'auteur ayant quitté le conseil

Sources

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Works cited
  • Ehrenzeller, Bernhard; Philipp Mastronardi; Rainer J. Schweizer; Klaus A. Vallender, eds. (2002). Die schweizerische Bundesverfassung, Kommentar (in German). ISBN 3-905455-70-6.. Cited as Ehrenzeller.
  • Häfelin, Ulrich; Haller, Walter; Keller, Helen (2008). Schweizerisches Bundesstaatsrecht (in German) (7th ed.). Zürich: Schulthess. ISBN 978-3-7255-5472-0. Cited as Häfelin.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cantons of Switzerland.
  • Swissworld.org – The cantons of Switzerland
  • Swisskarte.ch – Maps of the Cantons of Switzerland
  • GeoPuzzle – Assemble cantons on a Swiss map
  • Badac – Database on Swiss cantons and cities (in French and German)
Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about The History of Switzerland.
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