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Stereolab

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 9114619 (talk | contribs) at 16:15, 26 January 2008 (→1990–1993: The name was taken from a division of Vanguard Records. The cover album of Space-Age Bachelor Pad is proof of such a reference.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Stereolab

Stereolab are an alternative music band formed in 1990 in London, England. The band originally comprised songwriting team Tim Gane (guitar/keyboards) and Lætitia Sadier (vocals/keyboards/guitar), both of whom have remained at the helm across many lineup changes. Other long-time members include Andrew Ramsay (drums) and Mary Hansen (vocals/keyboards/guitar). Ramsay joined the group in 1993, while Hansen joined ten years before her accidental death in 2002.

Called "one of the most fiercely independent and original groups of the Nineties",[1] Stereolab were one of the first bands to be termed "post-rock". Their primary musical influence is 1970s krautrock, which they combine with lounge, 1960s pop, and experimental music. They are noted for their heavy use of vintage electronic keyboards, and their sound often overlays a repetitive "motorik" beat with female vocals sung in English or French. Stereolab often incorporate socio-political themes into their lyrics. Some critics say the group's lyrics carry a strong Marxist message, and Gane and Sadier admit to being influenced by the Surrealist and Situationist cultural and political movements. However, Gane is skeptical of labels such as "Marxist pop", and defends the band against accusations of "sloganeering".

Although many of the band's albums have been underground hits, they have not found larger commercial success. The band were released from their recording contract with Warner Music when Warner's imprint Elektra Records folded. The release was reportedly due to poor record sales, and since then Stereolab's self-owned label, Duophonic Records, has signed a distribution deal with Too Pure. Duophonic holds the copyrights to the band's recordings, and on the label the band have released many limited-edition records.

History

1990–1993

The 1991 10" vinyl EP Super 45 was Stereolab's first release. (The figure on the cover appeared on several of the band's early records.)

In 1985, Tim Gane formed McCarthy, a band from Essex, England known for their left-wing politics.[2] Gane met the French-born Lætitia Sadier[3] at a McCarthy concert in Paris, and the two quickly fell in love. The musically-inclined Sadier was disillusioned with the rock scene in France, and soon moved to London to be with Gane and to pursue her career.[4] After three albums, the group broke up in 1990 and Gane immediately formed Stereolab with Sadier (who had also contributed vocals to McCarthy's final album).[5] The group's name was taken from a division of Vanguard Records demonstrating hi-fi effects.[6][7]

Gane and Sadier, along with future Stereolab manager Martin Pike, created a record label called Duophonic Super 45s—which, along with later offshoot Duophonic Ultra High Frequency Disks, would be commonly known as "Duophonic".[8] The 10" vinyl EP Super 45 was the group's and the label's first release, and was sold through mail order and the Rough Trade Shop in London. Super 45's band-designed album art and packaging was the first of many customized and limited-edition Duophonic records. In a 1996 interview in The Wire Gane calls the "do-it-yourself" aesthetic behind Duophonic "empowering", and says that by releasing one's own music "you learn; it creates more music, more ideas".[9] Other independent bands such as Tortoise, Broadcast, and Labradford would also release material on Duophonic.

Stereolab followed up with another EP, Super-Electric, and a single, "Stunning Debut Album" (not actually their debut). The band's early material was rock and guitar-oriented; of Super-Electric, Jason Ankeny wrote in All Music Guide that "Droning guitars, skeletal rhythms, and pop hooks—not vintage synths and pointillist melodies—were their calling cards …."[10] In 1992 Stereolab's first full-length album, Peng!, and first compilation, Switched On, were released on independent label Too Pure. Around this time, the lineup coalesced around Gane and Sadier plus vocalist Mary Hansen, drummer Andrew Ramsay, bassist Duncan Brown, keyboardist Katharine Gifford, and guitarist Sean O'Hagan. Hansen, an Australian, had been in touch with Gane since his McCarthy days. After joining, she and Sadier developed a style of vocal counterpoint that distinguished Stereolab's sound until Hansen's death ten years later in 2002. O'Hagan would later leave to form The High Llamas, but would frequently return to contribute to Stereolab's records.[11]

Template:Sound sample box align right

"Jenny Ondioline"
Sample of "Jenny Ondioline", from Transient Random-Noise Bursts with Announcements (1993). One reviewer called it "the most ambitious—and definitive—moment of Stereolab's early years".[12]
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Template:Sample box end Starting with their 1993 EP Space Age Batchelor Pad Music, the band began incorporating easy-listening elements into their sound. This release raised Stereolab's profile and landed them a major-label American record deal with Elektra Records. Their next album, 1993's Transient Random-Noise Bursts with Announcements, was their first American release under Elektra, and became an underground hit in both the U.S. and the U.K.[13] Mark Jenkins commented in The Washington Post that with the album Stereolab "continues the glorious drones of [their] indie work, giving celestial sweep to [their] garage-rock organ pumping and rhythm-guitar strumming".[14] In the U.K. it was released on Duophonic Ultra High Frequency Disks, which is responsible for domestic releases of Stereolab's major albums.[15] The year would also see a collaboration with industrial stalwarts Nurse With Wound, in the form of the Crumb Duck EP.

1994–2001

File:StereolabEmperorTomatoKetchup.jpg
Emperor Tomato Ketchup, released in 1996, has been called Stereolab's "high-water mark".[16]

On 8 January, 1994, Stereolab achieved their first chart entry when their 1993 EP Jenny Ondioline entered at #75 on the UK Singles Chart. (Over the next three years, four more releases by the band would appear on this chart, ending with the EP Miss Modular in 1997.) With their 1994 full-length, Mars Audiac Quintet, Stereolab focused more on pop and less on rock, resulting in what All Music Guide described as "what may be the group's most accessible, tightly-written album".[17] Mars Audiac Quintet makes heavy use of vintage electronic instruments, and also contains the single "Ping Pong", which has gotten press for its allegedly explicitly Marxist lyrics.[18] After releasing a 1995 collection of singles and B-sides called Refried Ectoplasm: Switched On, Vol. 2, Stereolab followed with an EP titled Music for the Amorphous Body Study Center. This EP was their musical contribution to an interactive art exhibit put on in collaboration with New York City artist Charles Long.[19]

Stereolab's 1996 album, Emperor Tomato Ketchup, was a critical success and was played heavily on college radio.[20] A record that "captivated alternative rock", it represented Stereolab's "high-water mark" according to music journalists Tom Moon and Joshua Klein, respectively.[21] Krautrock techniques were still present, but the band stirred the pot with hip-hop sounds and complex instrumental arrangements.[22] Stephan Davet of French newspaper Le Monde claimed to see musical influences as diverse as The Velvet Underground, Burt Bacharach, and Françoise Hardy on the album.[23] John McEntire of the band Tortoise assisted with production and also played on Emperor Tomato Ketchup, while Katharine Gifford was replaced by Morgane Lhote before its recording, and bassist Richard Harrison by Duncan Brown afterward.[24]

Template:Sound sample box align right

"Motoroller Scalatron"
Sample of "Motoroller Scalatron", from Emperor Tomato Ketchup (1996). This clip illustrates the vocal interplay between Lætitia Sadier and Mary Hansen.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Template:Sample box end Dots and Loops was released in 1997, and was Stereolab's first album to enter the Billboard 200 charts, peaking at #111. Barney Hoskyns wrote in Rolling Stone that with it the group moved "ever further away from the one-chord Velvets drone-mesh of its early days" toward easy listening and Europop.[26] A review in German newspaper Die Zeit echoed this observation, claiming that in Dots and Loops Stereolab transformed the harder Velvet Underground-like riffs of previous releases into "softer sounds and noisy playfulness".[27] Contributors to the album once again included John McEntire, along with Sean O'Hagan of The High Llamas and Jan St. Werner of German electropop duo Mouse on Mars.[28] A second Nurse With Wound collaboration, Simple Headphone Mind, appeared in 1997, and the third release in the "Switched On" series, Aluminum Tunes, followed in 1998.

The band then took a break from traveling while Gane and Sadier had a child.[29] In 1999, Stereolab's next album appeared, titled Cobra and Phases Group Play Voltage in the Milky Night. Co-produced by McEntire and American producer Jim O'Rourke, the album earned mixed reviews for its lighter sound, and peaked at #154 on the Billboard 200.[30] An unsigned NME review said that "this record has far more in common with bad jazz and progressive rock than any experimental art-rock tradition."[31] In a 1999 The Washington Post article, Mark Jenkins asked Gane about the album's apparent lack of guitars; Gane responded, "There's a lot less upfront, distorted guitar … But it's still quite guitar-based music. Every single track has a guitar on it."[32] Stereolab added a new bassist, Simon Johns, for the Cobra and Phases Group … tour.[33]

The full-length Sound-Dust followed in 2001, and rose to #178 on the Billboard 200. Again featuring producers McEntire and O'Rourke, it was more warmly received than Cobra and Phases Group ….[34] Critic Joshua Klein said that "the emphasis this time sounds less on unfocused experimentation and more on melody … a breezy and welcome return to form for the British band." Klein also commented that "never has it been harder to discern just what [Sadier] is singing, but rarely has her gibberish sounded so pleasant."[35]

2002

In 2002, Stereolab began to plan their next album, and started building a studio north of Bordeaux, France. In October 2002, the band released ABC Music: The Radio 1 Sessions; a compilation of BBC Radio 1 sessions. The year also saw Gane and Sadier end their romantic relationship.[36]

On 9 December, 2002, longstanding band member Mary Hansen was killed in a traffic accident.[37]. Born in Maryborough, Queensland, Australia, Hansen earned the most attention for her vocal work with Stereolab, although she also played the guitar and keyboards. The music journalist Pierre Perrone said that Hansen's "playful nature and mischievous sense of humour came through in the way she approached the backing vocals she contributed to Stereolab and the distinctive harmonies she created with Sadier."[38] For the next few months, Stereolab lay dormant as the members coped with their grief. They eventually decided to continue; as Sadier explained in a 2004 interview: "Losing Mary is still incredibly painful … But it's also an opportunity to transform and move on. It's a new version. We've always had new versions, people coming in and out. That's life."[39] (Future album and concert reviews would mention the effects of Hansen's absence.[40]) In a 2004 interview Sadier said that "Our dedication to her on the album [2004's Margerine Eclipse] says `We will love you till the end', meaning of our lives. I'm not religious, but I feel Mary's energy is still around somewhere. It didn't just disappear."[41]

2003–present

The 2003 EP Instant 0 in the Universe was recorded in France, and was Stereolab's first release following Hansen's death. According to the music journalist Jim DeRogatis, the EP marked a return to their earlier, harder sound—"free from the pseudo-funk moves and avant-garde tinkering that had been inspired by Chicago producer Jim O'Rourke".[42] That year, Sadier's side-project, Monade, released their debut album Socialisme Ou Barbarie: The Bedroom Recordings. Both the name of the group and the title of the album were references to the work of Greek-French intellectual Cornelius Castoriadis.[43]

Template:Sound sample box align right Template:Sample box end The full-length album Margerine Eclipse followed in 2004 to generally positive reviews, and peaked at #174 on the US Billboard 200.[45] The track "Feel and Triple" was written in tribute to Hansen; according to Sadier "I was reflecting on my years with her...reflecting on how we sometimes found it hard to express the love we had for one another."[46] The Observers Molloy Woodcraft awarded the album four out of five stars, and described Sadier's vocal performance as "life- and love-affirming", and the record as a whole as "Complex and catchy, bold and beatific."[47] However, Kelefa Sanneh argued in Rolling Stone that Margerine Eclipse was "full of familiar noises and aimless melodies".[48] Margerine Eclipse was Stereolab's last record on their American label Elektra Records, which closed down in 2004.[49] Future material would be released on Too Pure, the same company which released some of the band's earliest material.[50]

The album was followed by Oscillons from the Anti-Sun; a 2005 three-CD and one-DVD retrospective of the group's rarer material. Monade's second album, A Few Steps More, also appeared that year.[51] In 2006, Stereolab released three limited-edition singles which were collected in Fab Four Suture, and contained material which Mark Jenkins thought continued the brisker sound of the band's post-Hansen work.[52] Serene Velocity, a "best-of" compilation focusing on the band's Elektra years, was released in late 2006. As of June 2007, Stereolab's lineup comprises Tim Gane, Lætitia Sadier, Andrew Ramsay, Simon Johns, Dominic Jeffrey, Joseph Watson, and Joseph Walters. The band is currently finishing recording and will release their next album sometime in spring of 2008.[53]

Musical style

Stereolab's music combines a droning rock sound with lounge instrumentals, and overlays it with singsong female vocals and pop melodies. Their records are heavily influenced by the motorik technique of 1970s krautrock groups such as Neu! and Faust.[54] Tim Gane has supported the comparison: "Neu! did minimalism and drones, but in a very pop way."[55] Stereolab's style also incorporates easy-listening music of the 1950s and '60s. Said Joshua Klein in The Washington Post, "Years before everyone else caught on, Stereolab was referencing the 1970s German bands Can and Neu!, the Mexican lounge music master Esquivel and the decidedly unhip Burt Bacharach."[56]

Picture of a 1970s-era Minimoog analog electronic synthesizer. Stereolab often use vintage Moog synthesizers in their music.

The band make use of vintage analog electronic instruments such as the Farfisa and Vox organs, and the Moog synthesizer, which was featured prominently on 1994's Mars Audiac Quintet.[57] Gane has praised these older instruments for their superior controllability: "We use the older effects because they're more direct, more extreme, and they're more like plasticine: you can shape them into loads of things."[58] Funk, jazz, and Brazilian music are inspirations,[59] and the sound of minimalist composers Philip Glass and Steve Reich can be found on 1999's Cobra and Phases Group ….[60] Several critics have commented that the band's later work, like Instant 0 in the Universe (2003) and Margerine Eclipse (2004), sound similar to their guitar-driven earlier style.[61]

Lætitia Sadier's bilingual French and English vocals have been a part of Stereolab since the beginning.[62] She writes the group's lyrics, which have a tendency towards Marxist social commentary rather than "affairs of the heart" (in the opinion of music journalist Simon Reynolds).[63] In reference to Sadier's laid-back delivery, Peter Shapiro wrote in The Wire that she has all the "emotional histrionics" of 1960s German singer Nico.[64] Sometimes Sadier will just sing wordlessly along with the music.[65] Before Mary Hansen's death in 2002, she and Sadier would often trade vocals back-and-forth in a singsong manner that has been described as "eerie" and "hypnotic".[66] Critic Jim Harrington commented that Hansen's absence is noticeable on live performances of Stereolab's older tracks, and that their newer songs could have benefited from her backing vocals.[67]

In interviews, Gane and Sadier have discussed their musical philosophy. According to Gane "to be unique was more important than to be good."[68] On the subject of being too obscure, he said in a 1996 interview that "maybe the area where we're on dodgy ground, is this idea that you need great knowledge [of] esoteric music to understand what we're doing." In the same interview Sadier responds to Gane, saying that she "think[s] we have achieved a music that will make sense to a lot of people whether they know about Steve Reich or not."[69] The duo is up-front about their desire to grow the group's sound—for Gane, "otherwise it just sounds like what other people are doing,"[70] and for Sadier, "you trust that there is more and that it can be done more interesting."[71]

On stage

Stereolab tour regularly to support their album releases. The band is not afraid to turn up the volume in concert. In a 1996 The Washington Post gig review, Mark Jenkins wrote that Stereolab started out favoring an "easy-listening syncopation", but eventually reverted to a "messier, more urgent sound" characteristic of its earlier performances.[72] In another review Jenkins said that the band's live songs "frequently veer[ed] into more cacophonous, guitar-dominated territory", in contrast to lighter albums like Cobra and Phases Group ….[73] In the Minneapolis Star Tribune John Bream compared the band's live sound to feedback-driven rock bands like the Velvet Underground, Sonic Youth and My Bloody Valentine.[74] However, several critics have said that Stereolab lacks stage presence, arguing that Sadier's vocal delivery is too subdued and that the band tends to play instead of perform its music.[75] Regarding being onstage, Gane has said that "I don't like to be the center of attention … I just get into the music and am not really aware of the people there. That's my way of getting through it."[76]

Lyrics and titles

Stereolab's music is politically and philosophically charged. Lætitia Sadier, who writes the group's lyrics, has reportedly been inspired by her anger at the Iraq War.[77] The Surrealist and Situationist cultural and political movements are also influences, as noted by Sadier and Gane in a 1999 Salon.com interview.[78] Stewart Mason commented in an All-Music Guide review that the lyrics from the 1997 song "Miss Modular" "sound influenced by the Situationist theory of the 'spectacle'."[79] When asked to explain her intentions in a 1991 Melody Maker interview, Sadier responded that "Basically I want to change the world. I want to make people think about how they live every day, shake them a bit."[80]

Template:Sound sample box align right Template:Sample box end Critics have seen Marxist allusions in the band's lyrics, and several have gone so far as to call the band itself Marxist.[82] "Ping Pong", a single included on Mars Audiac Quintet (1994), has been put forward as evidence. In the song, Sadier sings "about capitalism's cruel cycles of slump and recovery" with lyrics that constitute "a plainspoken explanation of one of the central tenets of Marxian economic analysis" (said critics Simon Reynolds and Stewart Mason, respectively).[83] The song opens with these lines:

It's alright 'cause the historical pattern has shown,

How the economical cycle tends to revolve,
In a round of decades three stages stand out in a loop,

A slump and war then peel back to square one and back for more.

Band members have resisted attempts to link the group and its music to Marxism. In a 1999 interview, Gane stated that "none of us are Marxists … I've never even read Marx." Although Gane admitted that his partner's lyrics touch on political topics, he argued that they do not cross the line into "sloganeering".[84] Sadier herself has mentioned that she has read very little Marx.[85]

Stereolab's album and song titles occasionally reference avant-garde political groups and artists. Gane said that the title of their 1999 album Cobra and Phases Group Play Voltage in the Milky Night contains the names of two Surrealist organizations, "Cobra" and "Phases Group".[86] The title of the first song on Dots and Loops, "Brakhage", is a nod to experimental filmmaker Stan Brakhage.[87] Other examples are the 1992 compilation Switched On, named after a 1969 Wendy Carlos album; "International Colouring Contest," which is a tribute to eccentric musician Lucia Pamela; and the 1992 single "John Cage Bubblegum", named after experimental composer John Cage.[88] Another recurring theme among Stereolab titles is references to vintage electronic musical instruments ("Farfisa", "Motoroller [sic] Scalatron", "Jenny Ondioline") and hi-fi terminology ("Wow And Flutter", Transient Random Noise Bursts With Announcements).

Impact

Stereolab have been called one of the most "influential alternative bands of the 90's",[89] and one of "the decade's most innovative British bands".[90] Simon Reynolds commented in Rolling Stone that the group's earlier records form "an endlessly seductive body of work that sounds always the same, always different."[91] In The Wire, Peter Shapiro compared the band favorably to Britpop bands Oasis and Blur, and defended their music against the charge that it is "nothing but the sum total of its arcane reference points".[92] Stereolab was one of the first groups to be called post-rock—in a 1996 article, journalist Angela Lewis applied the "new term" to Stereolab and three other bands who have connections to the group.[93] The band's 1996 album Emperor Tomato Ketchup, their "high-water mark" according to critic Joshua Klein,[94] was a critical success and underground hit.[95] Stereolab has also received negative press. Barney Hoskyns questioned the longevity of their music in a 1996 Mojo review, saying that their records "sound more like arid experiments than music born of emotional need."[96] In The Guardian, Dave Simpson said that "With their borrowings from early, obscure Kraftwerk and hip obtuse sources, [Stereolab] sound like a band of rock critics rather than musicians."[97] Lætitia Sadier's vocals were criticized by author Stuart Shea for often being "indecipherable".[98]

The tracks on Stereolab's 1995 EP Music for the Amorphous Body Study Center were recorded for use in an interactive art show.[99]

A variety of artists—musical and otherwise—have collaborated with Stereolab. In 1995 the group teamed up with sculptor Charles Long for an interactive art show in New York City, for which Long provided the exhibits and Stereolab the music.[100] They have released tracks by and toured with post-rock band Tortoise, while John McEntire of Tortoise has in turn worked on several Stereolab albums.[101] In the 1990s Stereolab and veteran industrial band Nurse With Wound released two limited-edition records together; both contained Nurse With Wound remixes of original tracks provided by Stereolab.

Stylistically, music journalist J. D. Considine credits the band for anticipating and driving the late 1990s revival of vintage analog instruments among indie rock bands.[102] Indie rock band Pavement (who also toured with Stereolab) acknowledged the group's sound on their song "Half A Canyon".[103] Stereolab alumni have also founded bands of their own. Guitarist Sean O'Hagan went on to form the The High Llamas, while keyboardist Katharine Gifford created Snowpony with a former member of My Bloody Valentine.[104] Sadier herself has released two albums with her four-piece side-project Monade, whose sound Mark Jenkins called a "little more Parisian" than Stereolab's.[105]

Despite earning critical acclaim and a sizable fanbase, commercial success has eluded the group.[106] Early in their career, their 1993 EP Jenny Ondioline entered the UK Singles Chart, but financial issues prevented the band from printing enough records to satisfy demand.[107] When Elektra Records was closed down by Warner Music in 2004, Stereolab was dropped along with many other artists, reportedly because of poor sales.[108] Since then, Stereolab's self-owned label Duophonic has inked a worldwide distribution deal with independent label Too Pure.[109] Through Duophonic the band both licenses their music and releases it directly (depending on geographic market). According to Tim Gane, "… we license our recordings and just give them to people, then we don't have to ask for permission if we want to use it. We just want to be in control of our own music."[110]

Selected discography

Main article: Stereolab discography

Stereolab have released dozens of studio albums, EPs, and singles in their career. They have made it a practice to make almost all of their more obscure material widely available through compilations.[111]

Studio albums

Compilations

Notes

  1. ^ Perrone (2002)
  2. ^ Sutton (AMG: McCarthy)
  3. ^ She is sometimes known as "Seaya Sadier"; see Arundel (1991).
  4. ^ Arundel (1991)
  5. ^ Erlewine (AMG: Stereolab); Sutton (AMG: McCarthy)
  6. ^ Perrone (2002)
  7. ^ http://www.onlineloop.com/vinylvideo/01_pictures/04_found_footage/printsize/stereolab_cover.jpg
  8. ^ H2O (Chunklet: Tim Gane)
  9. ^ Shapiro (1996)
  10. ^ Ankeny (AMG: Super Electric)
  11. ^ DeRogatis (1993); Erlewine (AMG: Stereolab); Perrone (2002)
  12. ^ Phares (AMG: Transient Random-Noise …)
  13. ^ Erlewine (AMG: Stereolab)
  14. ^ Jenkins (1993)
  15. ^ H2O (Chunklet: Tim Gane)
  16. ^ Klein (2001)
  17. ^ Phares (AMG: Mars Audiac Quintet)
  18. ^ DeRogatis (1994); Mason (AMG: Ping Pong); Reynolds (1996)
  19. ^ Reynolds (1995)
  20. ^ Erlewine (AMG: Stereolab)
  21. ^ Klein (2001); Moon (2004)
  22. ^ Erlewine (AMG: Emperor Tomato Ketchup)
  23. ^ Davet (1996)
  24. ^ Erlewine (AMG: Stereolab)
  25. ^ Klein (2001)
  26. ^ Hoskyns (1997)
  27. ^ "Review (Dots and Loops)". Die Zeit. Die Zeit. 1997-04-04.
  28. ^ Erlewine (AMG: Stereolab)
  29. ^ Erlewine (AMG: Stereolab)
  30. ^ Erlewine (AMG: Cobra and Phases Group …); Hoskyns (1999)
  31. ^ "Cobra And Phases Group Play Voltage In The Milky Night". NME. IPC Media. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
  32. ^ Jenkins (1999-11-05)
  33. ^ Erlewine (AMG: Stereolab)
  34. ^ Klein (2001); Walters (2001)
  35. ^ Klein (2001)
  36. ^ McNair (2004)
  37. ^ McNair (2004); Saraceno (2002)
  38. ^ Perrone (2002)
  39. ^ Laban (2004)
  40. ^ DeRogatis (2003); Harrington (2004); Wagner (2004)
  41. ^ McNair (2004)
  42. ^ DeRogatis (2003)
  43. ^ Fritch (2004); Phares (AMG: Monade)
  44. ^ Phares (AMG: Margerine Eclipse)
  45. ^ "Margerine Eclipse". metacritic.com. CNET Networks, Inc. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
  46. ^ McNair (2004)
  47. ^ Woodcraft (2004)
  48. ^ Sanneh (2004)
  49. ^ Eliscu (2004)
  50. ^ "Monade". Official Website. Beggars Group, USA. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
  51. ^ Phares (AMG: Monade)
  52. ^ Jenkins (2006)
  53. ^ "Official Stereolab MySpace Page". MySpace Music. MySpace.com. Retrieved 2007-06-02.
  54. ^ Klein (2001); Shapiro (1996)
  55. ^ Reynolds (1996)
  56. ^ Klein (2001)
  57. ^ DeRogatis (1994); Shapiro (1996)
  58. ^ Taylor (2001), p.110
  59. ^ Jenkins (1999-11-05); McNair (2004)
  60. ^ Klein (2001)
  61. ^ DeRogatis (2003); Wagner (2004)
  62. ^ Erlewine (AMG: Stereolab)
  63. ^ Reynolds (1996)
  64. ^ Shapiro (1996)
  65. ^ Klein (2001)
  66. ^ Perrone (2002)
  67. ^ Harrington (2004)
  68. ^ Stark (1999)
  69. ^ Shapiro (1996)
  70. ^ Hoskyns (1999)
  71. ^ Fritch (2004)
  72. ^ Jenkins (1996)
  73. ^ Jenkins (1999-11-13)
  74. ^ Bream (1996)
  75. ^ Harrington (2004); Musgrove (2000)
  76. ^ Jenkins (1999-11-05)
  77. ^ Reynolds (1996); Stanley (2003)
  78. ^ Stark (1999)
  79. ^ Mason (AMG: Miss Modular)
  80. ^ Arundel (1991)
  81. ^ Mason (AMG: Ping Pong); Reynolds (1996)
  82. ^ Fritch (2004); Jenkins (1999); Reynolds (1996); Shapiro (1996)
  83. ^ Mason (AMG: Ping Pong); Reynolds (1996)
  84. ^ Jenkins (1999-11-05)
  85. ^ Stark (1999)
  86. ^ Stark (1999)
  87. ^ Stark (1999)
  88. ^ Morris (1997)
  89. ^ Erlewine (AMG: Stereolab)
  90. ^ Jenkins (1998)
  91. ^ Reynolds (1996)
  92. ^ Shapiro (1996)
  93. ^ Lewis (1996)
  94. ^ Klein (2001)
  95. ^ Erlewine (AMG: Stereolab)
  96. ^ Hoskyns (1996)
  97. ^ Simpson (2001)
  98. ^ Shea (2002), pp.53,54
  99. ^ Reynolds (1995)
  100. ^ Reynolds (1995)
  101. ^ Jenkins (2003)
  102. ^ Considine (1997)
  103. ^ See:
  104. ^ Jenkins (1998); Unterberger (The High Llamas)
  105. ^ Jenkins (2005)
  106. ^ Eliscu (2004), Stevens (2003)
  107. ^ See:
  108. ^ Eliscu (2004)
  109. ^ "Monade". Official Website. Beggars Group, USA. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
  110. ^ H2O (Chunklet: Tim Gane)
  111. ^ Phares (AMG: Fab Four Suture)

References

Discographies
Chart data
Articles and reviews
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