Nostos
Nostos (Ancient Greek: νόστος, romanized: nostos) is a theme used in Ancient Greek literature, which includes an epic hero returning home, often by sea. In Ancient Greek society, it was deemed a high level of heroism or greatness for those who managed to return. This journey is usually very extensive and includes being shipwrecked in an unknown location and going through certain trials that test the hero.[1] The return is not only about returning home physically, but also focuses on the hero retaining or elevating their identity and status upon arrival.[2] The theme of nostos is brought to life in Homer's The Odyssey, where the main hero Odysseus tries to return home after battling in the Trojan War. Odysseus is challenged by many temptations, such as the Sirens and the Lotus-eaters. If Odysseus had given into these temptations it would have meant certain death and thus failing to return home.[2] Nostos is used today in many forms of literature and movies.[3]
Nostos in the Odyssey
[edit]In the Odyssey, Homer has nostos being the "return home from Troy by sea."[4] Nostos can be told by those who experienced it themselves, or there are simply instances in which it is present.[4] Those who told their adventures on the sea on their journey back home from Troy were Menelaus, Nestor, and Odysseus.[4] Those three recount their adventures to others in the epic.[4] With Menelaus, in Book Four, he tells of his time in Egypt and other irregular stops.[4] He did not stop at just his nostos but he told of Agamemnon's fatal nostos in great detail as well as a small section of Odysseus' journey.[4] Nestor gives more on Menelaus' nostos and his journey home with Odysseus and Menelaus.[4] In Book Three Nestor said "we pondered our long sea-voyage, whether we should sail over the top of rocky Chios by the island Psyros, keeping it on our left hand, or else to pass under Chios, by windy Mimas. We asked the god to give us some portent for a sign, and the god gave us one, and told us to cut across the middle main sea for Euboia, and so most quickly escape the hovering evil."[5] Here Nestor made it evident to the audience that his and Diomedes' journey home was a perfect nostos, they had no real issues, which was quite different from Agamemnon's.[4] This great difference shows how different each hero's journey home could be.[4] In these instances where nostos is simply present and not told by the individual in the Odyssey, there is an intention to reach a specific destination and some other force blowing the characters off course and arrive in unexpected places on their journey to their home.[4]
The Odyssey had several different instances of nostos.[4] One specific instance where Odysseus' companions lost their nostos, was when they ate the cattle of Helios and were killed for this since they were specifically told not to.[4] Odysseus warned the men when he said "Friends, since there is food and drink stored in the fast ship, let us then keep our hands off the cattle, for fear that something may befall us. These are the cattle and fat sheep of a dreaded god, Helios, who sees all things and listens to all things."[6] At that point Odysseus warned the men of what will happen if they eat the cattle, yet they did it anyway. This situation took away their nostos because their journey home came to an end.[4]
Not all Greek heroes experience nostos. Achilles' nostos is unique in the Iliad; this is because he knows himself that he will not have a nostos, creating a greater difference between him and the other heroes, such as Odysseus.[4] Achilles knows that he has two options when it comes to the Trojan War – he can either die in the battle with glory and have a short life, or not participate and live a long yet insignificant life.[4] In the ninth book, he says "my nostos has perished, but my kleos will be unwilting". In this instance, he has chosen the route of glory and says he will not return home because it is destined that he will die in battle.[4]
Nostos and Odysseus
[edit]Odysseus was able to tell his own story of his nostos since he has survived.[4] Odysseus was able to tell part of his nostos to the Phaeacians, and the length of his journey shows how difficult it can be to achieve nostos.[4] This arrival and telling of his tales is a big deal, though he has not reached home it is a huge mile marker.[4] After Odysseus and his companions leave Circe's palace safely his crew members show their happiness by saying "we rejoice for you saved yourself, nourished by Zeus, as much as if we had reached Ithaca," which shows the comparison of escaping to returning home.[4]
Nostos meant several different things in this epic, it meant escaping death, safe landings, returning home from war, and being back home.[4] All of those come through because as the hero returned from war the idea of escaping death from war remained in his forethought.[4] These meanings all resemble nostos and when heroes are on their journey back they will have the ultimate Kleos once they have arrived and that is celebrated.[4]
Modern times
[edit]The word nostalgia was first coined as a medical term in 1688 by Johannes Hofer (1669-1752), a Swiss medical student. It uses the word νόστος along with another Greek root, ἄλγος or algos, meaning pain, to describe the psychological condition of longing for the past.
In James Joyce's Ulysses, the final part (episodes 16-18), during which Leopold Bloom returns home, is called the Nostos.[7]
The 1989 film Nostos: The Return by Franco Piavoli is about Odysseus' homecoming.[8]
In Louise Glück's 1996 poetry collection Meadowlands, one piece is titled "Nostos".[9]
The TV series Star Trek: Voyager, in which the titular spacecraft is stranded 70,000 light-years from Earth and encounters numerous hostile and friendly aliens and strange phenomena on its way home, has been described by classicists as a nostos.[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Bonifazi, Anna (2009). "Inquiring into Nostos and Its Cognates". American Journal of Philology. 130 (4): 481. doi:10.1353/ajp.0.0078. S2CID 170154511.
- ^ a b Alexopoulou, Marigo (2009). The Theme of Returning Home in Ancient Greek Literature: The Nostos of the Epic Heroes. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. pp. 2–5.
- ^ Clauss, James J. (2008). "Hercules Unchained: Contaminatio, Nostos, Katabasis, and the Surreal". Arethusa. 41: 51. doi:10.1353/are.2008.0007. S2CID 161942734.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Bonifazi, A.(2009). Inquiring into Nostos and Its Cognates. American Journal of Philology 130(4), 481-510. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved April 24, 2016, from Project MUSE database.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 3.169-75. (The Odyssey of Homer. Trans. Richmond Lattimore. New York: Harper & Row, 1975. Print.)
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 12.320-23. (The Odyssey of Homer. Trans. Richmond Lattimore. New York: Harper & Row, 1975. Print.)
- ^ Church, Margaret (Spring 1976). "The Theme of Return: The Nostos of "Ulysses"". College Literature. 3 (2): 124–9.
- ^ Lapeña Marchena, Óscar (2018). "Ulysses in the Cinema: The Example of Nostos, il ritorno (Franco Piavoli, Italy, 1990)". In Rovira Guardiola, Rosario (ed.). The Ancient Mediterranean Sea in Modern Visual and Performing Arts: Sailing in Troubled Waters. Imagines – Classical Receptions in the Visual and Performing Arts. London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-4742-9859-9.
- ^ "Classical Receptions in Drama and Poetry in English from c.1970-2005: Louise Glück: Nostos". The Open University. April 30, 2005. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
- ^ Meyer, Uwe (2009). "Die Muse" - Populäre Antikerezeption am Beispiel einer Episode der Fernsehserie Star Trek: Voyager" (PDF). Pegasus-Onlinezeitschrift. 9 (2): 48. Retrieved 6 December 2016.