Otto Nordenskjöld

Dr Nils Otto Gustaf Nordenskiöld (also spelled Nordenskjöld) (December 6 1869-1928) was a Swedish geologist, geographer, and polar explorer.

Nordenskiöld was born in Hesselby in Småland in eastern Sweden, in a Finland-Swedish family that included his uncle Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, a noted polar explorer. He studied at Uppsala University, obtaining a doctorate in geology in 1894^[1], and later became a lecturer and then associate professor in the university's geology department^[2].

Otto Nordenskiöld led mineralogical expeditions to Patagonia in the 1890s, and to Alaska and the Klondike area in 1898.

He led the 1901-1904 Swedish Antarctic Expedition, aboard the ship Antarctic. The expedition visited the Falkland Islands before the ship, commanded by seasoned Antarctic sailer Carl Anton Larsen, dropped Nordenskiöld's party off at Snow Hill Island, a small island off the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Nordenskiöld overwintered at Snow Hill Island, while Antarctic returned to the Falklands. The following summer Larsen brought her south, intending to retrieve the Nordenskiöld party, but she became trapped in ice which eventually crushed her hull, forcing Larsen and his crew to overwinter in a hastily-constructed shelter on Paulet Island. Larsen and Nordenskiöld finally rendezvoused at their fall-back rescue hut at Hope Bay in late 1903, where they were picked up by the Argentine Navy corvette ARA Uruguay (commanded by Julián Irízar), which had been dispatched when Antarctic had failed to make her appointed return to South America the previous year. Despite its end and the great hardships endured, the expedition was considered a scientific success, with the parties having explored much of the eastern coast of Graham Land, including Cape Longing, James Ross Island, the Joinville Island group, and the Palmer Archipelago. The expedition, which also recovered valuable geological samples and samples of marine animals, earned Nordenskiöld lasting fame at home, but its huge cost left him greatly in debt.

In 1905 he was appointed professor of geography (with commercial geography) and ethnography at Gothenburg University^[3].

Nordenskjold later explored Greenland in 1909 and returned to South America to explore Chile and Peru in the early 1920s (many samples from this expedition are now displayed at the Natural History Museum in Lima).

Nordenskiöld also studied the effects of winter on alpine climate, and his formula is one of the means used to classify the polar climatic zone.

A number of geographical features have been named after Otto Nordenskiöld, including:

• Lago Nordenskjold, an alpine lake in Chile's Torres del Paine national park,
• Nordenskjold Coast, a section of the cost of the east side of the Antarctic Peninsula
• Nordenskjold Basin, an undersea basin
• Nordenskjold Ice Tongue, a glacial ice tongue extending over the Ross Sea
• Nordenskjold Glacier, a glacier on South Georgia
• Nordenskjold Outcrops, rocky outcrops on the Antarctic Peninsula
• Nordenskjold Peak, a mountain on South Georgia

• Antarctica: Or, Two years amongst the ice of the South Pole ISBN 0208016422
• S A Duse (1905), Bland pingvinar ock sälar, minnen från Svenska sydpolarexpeditionen 1901-03.

• south-pole.com's article on Nordenskiöld's antarctic expedition
• Template:Sv icon Project Runeberg biography, including extensive bibliography

• Photographs of the Nordenskiöld expedition to the Antarctic Peninsula