Isotopes of sulfur

Isotopes of sulfur (₁₆S)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(S)
	[32.059, 32.076]; 32.06±0.02 (abridged);
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Sulfur (₁₆S) has 23 known isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 27 to 49, four of which are stable: ³²S (95.02%), ³³S (0.75%), ³⁴S (4.21%), and ³⁶S (0.02%). The preponderance of sulfur-32 is explained by its production from carbon-12 plus successive fusion capture of five helium-4 nuclei, in the so-called alpha process of exploding type II supernovas (see silicon burning).

Other than ³⁵S, the radioactive isotopes of sulfur are all comparatively short-lived. ³⁵S is formed from cosmic ray spallation of ⁴⁰Ar in the atmosphere. It has a half-life of 87 days. The next longest-lived radioisotope is sulfur-38, with a half-life of 170 minutes.

The beams of several radioactive isotopes (such as those of ⁴⁴S) have been studied theoretically within the framework of the synthesis of superheavy elements, especially those ones in the vicinity of island of stability.^[3]^[4]

When sulfide minerals are precipitated, isotopic equilibration among solids and liquid may cause small differences in the δ³⁴S values of co-genetic minerals. The differences between minerals can be used to estimate the temperature of equilibration. The δ¹³C and δ³⁴S of coexisting carbonates and sulfides can be used to determine the pH and oxygen fugacity of the ore-bearing fluid during ore formation.^{[citation needed]}

In most forest ecosystems, sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere; weathering of ore minerals and evaporites also contribute some sulfur. Sulfur with a distinctive isotopic composition has been used to identify pollution sources, and enriched sulfur has been added as a tracer in hydrologic studies. Differences in the natural abundances can also be used in systems where there is sufficient variation in the ³⁴S of ecosystem components. Rocky Mountain lakes thought to be dominated by atmospheric sources of sulfate have been found to have different δ³⁴S values from oceans believed to be dominated by watershed sources of sulfate.^{[citation needed]}

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)^[5] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life^[6]	Decay mode^[6] ^{[n 4]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 5]}	Spin and parity^[6] ^{[n 6]}^{[n 7]}	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy			Half-life^[6]	Decay mode^[6] ^{[n 4]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 5]}	Spin and parity^[6] ^{[n 6]}^{[n 7]}	Normal proportion^[6]	Range of variation
²⁷S	16	11	27.01878(43)#	16.3(2) ms	β⁺, p (61%)	²⁶Si	(5/2+)
					β⁺ (36%)	²⁷P
					β⁺, 2p (3.0%)	²⁵Al
²⁸S	16	12	28.00437(17)	125(10) ms	β⁺ (79.3%)	²⁸P	0+
²⁸S	16	12	28.00437(17)	125(10) ms	β⁺, p (20.7%)	²⁷Si	0+
²⁹S	16	13	28.996678(14)	188(4) ms	β⁺ (53.6%)	²⁹P	5/2+#
²⁹S	16	13	28.996678(14)	188(4) ms	β⁺, p (46.4%)	²⁸Si	5/2+#
³⁰S	16	14	29.98490677(22)	1.1798(3) s	β⁺	³⁰P	0+
³¹S	16	15	30.97955700(25)	2.5534(18) s	β⁺	³¹P	1/2+
³²S^{[n 8]}	16	16	31.9720711735(14)	Stable			0+	0.9485(255)
³³S	16	17	32.9714589086(14)	Stable			3/2+	0.00763(20)
³⁴S	16	18	33.967867011(47)	Stable			0+	0.04365(235)
³⁵S	16	19	34.969032321(43)	87.37(4) d	β⁻	³⁵Cl	3/2+	Trace^{[n 9]}
³⁶S	16	20	35.96708069(20)	Stable			0+	1.58(17)×10⁻⁴
³⁷S	16	21	36.97112550(21)	5.05(2) min	β⁻	³⁷Cl	7/2−
³⁸S	16	22	37.9711633(77)	170.3(7) min	β⁻	³⁸Cl	0+
³⁹S	16	23	38.975134(54)	11.5(5) s	β⁻	³⁹Cl	(7/2)−
⁴⁰S	16	24	39.9754826(43)	8.8(22) s	β⁻	⁴⁰Cl	0+
⁴¹S	16	25	40.9795935(44)	1.99(5) s	β⁻	⁴¹Cl	7/2−#
⁴²S	16	26	41.9810651(30)	1.016(15) s	β⁻ (>96%)	⁴²Cl	0+
⁴²S	16	26	41.9810651(30)	1.016(15) s	β⁻, n (<1%)	⁴¹Cl	0+
⁴³S	16	27	42.9869076(53)	265(13) ms	β⁻ (60%)	⁴³Cl	3/2−
⁴³S	16	27	42.9869076(53)	265(13) ms	β⁻, n (40%)	⁴²Cl	3/2−
^43mS	320.7(5) keV			415.0(26) ns	IT	⁴³S	(7/2−)
⁴⁴S	16	28	43.9901188(56)	100(1) ms	β⁻ (82%)	⁴⁴Cl	0+
⁴⁴S	16	28	43.9901188(56)	100(1) ms	β⁻, n (18%)	⁴³Cl	0+
^44mS	1365.0(8) keV			2.619(26) μs	IT	⁴⁴S	0+
⁴⁵S	16	29	44.99641(32)#	68(2) ms	β⁻, n (54%)	⁴⁴Cl	3/2−#
⁴⁵S	16	29	44.99641(32)#	68(2) ms	β⁻ (46%)	⁴⁵Cl	3/2−#
⁴⁶S	16	30	46.00069(43)#	50(8) ms	β⁻	⁴⁶Cl	0+
⁴⁷S	16	31	47.00773(43)#	24# ms [>200 ns]			3/2−#
⁴⁸S	16	32	48.01330(54)#	10# ms [>200 ns]			0+
⁴⁹S	16	33	49.02189(63)#	4# ms [>400 ns]			1/2−#
This table header & footer: view

^ ^mS – Excited nuclear isomer.
^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^ Modes of decay:

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission
^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^ # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^ Heaviest theoretically stable nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons
^ Cosmogenic

References

^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Sulfur". CIAAW. 2009.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ Zagrebaev, Valery; Greiner, Walter (2008-09-24). "Synthesis of superheavy nuclei: A search for new production reactions". Physical Review C. 78 (3): 034610. arXiv:0807.2537. Bibcode:2008PhRvC..78c4610Z. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.78.034610. S2CID 122586703.
^ Zhu, Long (2019-12-01). "Possibilities of producing superheavy nuclei in multinucleon transfer reactions based on radioactive targets *". Chinese Physics C. 43 (12): 124103. Bibcode:2019ChPhC..43l4103Z. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/43/12/124103. ISSN 1674-1137. S2CID 250673444.
^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

External links

Sulfur isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's

[5] S – Excited nuclear isomer.

[7] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-8] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[10] Modes of decay:

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission

[11] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[12] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[TNN-13] # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[14] Heaviest theoretically stable nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons

[15] Cosmogenic

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Sulfur". CIAAW. 2009.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[3] Zagrebaev, Valery; Greiner, Walter (2008-09-24). "Synthesis of superheavy nuclei: A search for new production reactions". Physical Review C. 78 (3): 034610. arXiv:0807.2537. Bibcode:2008PhRvC..78c4610Z. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.78.034610. S2CID 122586703.

[4] Zhu, Long (2019-12-01). "Possibilities of producing superheavy nuclei in multinucleon transfer reactions based on radioactive targets *". Chinese Physics C. 43 (12): 124103. Bibcode:2019ChPhC..43l4103Z. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/43/12/124103. ISSN 1674-1137. S2CID 250673444.

[AME2020_II-6] Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.

[NUBASE2020-9] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[n 1]

[5]

[n 2]

[n 3]

[6]

[n 4]

[n 5]

[n 6]

[n 7]

[n 8]

[n 9]

List of isotopes

See also

References

External links