Gyeongsang Province

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Gyeongsang Province
province of the kingdom of Great Joseon
Korean transcription(s)
• Korean	경상도
• Hanja	慶尙道
• Revised Romanization	Gyeongsang-do
• McCune–Reischauer	Kyŏngsang-do
Short name transcription(s)
• Korean	경상
• Hanja	慶尙
• Revised Romanization	Gyeongsang
• McCune–Reischauer	Kyŏngsang
Country	Korea
Region	Yeongnam
Dialect	Gyeongsang

Gyeongsang Province (Korean: 경상도, romanized: Gyeongsang-do; Korean pronunciation: [kjʌ̹ŋ.sa̠ŋ.do̞]) was one of the Eight Provinces of Joseon Korea. Gyeongsang was located in southeastern Korea.

The provincial capital of Gyeongsang was Daegu. The region was the birthplace of the kingdom of Silla, which unified Korea in 668 CE. The region also has a highly significant role in modern Korean history; every non-acting South Korean president from 1963 to 2022 except Choi Kyu-hah (1979-1980) had ancestry from Gyeongsang, and all except Lee Myung-bak were also born in Gyeongsang.

Today, the historical region is divided into five administrative divisions: the three independent cities of Busan, Daegu and Ulsan, and the two provinces of North Gyeongsang Province (Gyeongsangbuk-do, often shortened to Gyeongbuk) and South Gyeongsang Province (Gyeongsangnam-do, often shortened to Gyeongnam). The largest city in the historical region is Busan, followed by Daegu.

The predecessor to Gyeongsang Province was formed during the Goryeo (918-1392), replacing the former provinces of Yeongnam, Sannam and Yeongdong.

Gyeongsang acquired its current name in 1314. The name derives from names of the principal cities of Gyeongju (Korean: 경주; Hanja: 慶州) and Sangju (Korean: 상주; Hanja: 尙州).

In 1895, Gyeongsang was replaced by the districts of Andong (Korean: 안동부; Hanja: 安東府) in the north, Daegu (Korean: 대구부; Hanja: 大邱) in the centre, Jinju (Korean: 진주부; Hanja: 晉州府) in the southwest, and Dongnae (Korean: 동래부; Hanja: 東萊府; now Busan) in the southeast.

In 1896, Andong, Daegu, and northern Dongnae Districts were merged to form North Gyeongsang, and Jinju and southern Dongnae districts were merged to form South Gyeongsang. North and South Gyeongsang are part of South Korea today.

The language used in Gyeongsang province (south and north) is the Yeongnam dialect of Korean, also called the Gyeongsang dialect, and the intonation and vocabulary is different from the standard Seoul dialect (표준어, pyojuneo) in several ways. Yeongnam dialect itself is further subdivided into several dialects. For example, Busan dialect is slightly different from Andong dialect and Uljin dialect.

Gyeongsang Province was bounded on the west by Jeolla and Chungcheong Provinces, on the north by Gangwon Province, on the south by Korea Strait, and on the east by the Sea of Japan. The region is ringed by the Taebaek and Sobaek Mountains and is drained by the Nakdong River.

The largest cities in the region are Busan, Daegu, and Ulsan. Other cities of note are Gyeongju (the former capital of Silla), Andong, Yeongju, Sangju, Gimcheon, Miryang, Gimhae, Changwon (the capital of South Gyeongsang), Masan, and Jinju.

The Gyeongsang region as a whole is often referred to by the regional and former provincial name of "Yeongnam" (The term "Yeongdong" is applied today to Gangwon Province).

• Seoul City history article on Hanseong and 22 other late 19th-century districts (in Korean)