Muhammad Azam Shah

Names
	Mirza Abu'l Fayaz Qutb-ud-Din Mohammad Azam Shah

Azam Shah
Azam Shah
Padishah; Al-Sultan Al-Azam
	Azam Shah holding a turban jewel c. 1679
Emperor of Hindustan
Reign	14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707
Predecessor	Aurangzeb
Successor	Bahadur Shah I
Subahdar of Bengal
Reign	1677–1680
Predecessor	Fidai Khan II
Successor	Shaista Khan
Badshah	Aurangzeb
Born	28 June 1653; Shahi Qila, Burhanpur, Mughal Empire
Died	20 June 1707 (aged 53); Agra Subah, Mughal Empire
Burial	Khuldabad, Maharashtra, India
Consort	Jahanzeb Banu Begum; (m. 1669; died 1705)
Wives	Rahmat Banu Begum; (m. 1668; died 1684); Shahar Banu Begum; (m. 1681);
Issue	Bidar Bakht; Jawan Bakht; Sikandar Shan; Wala Jah; Zih Jah; Wala Shan; Ali Tabar; Gitti Ara Begum; Iffat Ara Begum; Najib-un-Nisa Begum;
Names
Names
	Mirza Abu'l Fayaz Qutb-ud-Din Mohammad Azam Shah
House	House of Babur
Dynasty	Timurid dynasty
Father	Aurangzeb
Mother	Dilras Banu Begum
Religion	Sunni Islam (Hanafi)

Mirza Abu'l Fayaz Qutb-ud-Din Mohammad Azam (28 June 1653 – 20 June 1707), commonly known as Azam Shah, was briefly the seventh Mughal emperor from 14 March to 20 June 1707. He was the third son of the sixth Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and his chief consort Dilras Banu Begum.

Azam was appointed as the heir-apparent (Shahi Ali Jah) to his father on 12 August 1681 and retained that position until Aurangzeb's death.^[2] During his long military career, he served as the viceroy of Berar Subah, Malwa, Bengal, Gujarat and the Deccan. Azam ascended the Mughal throne in Ahmednagar upon the death of his father on 14 March 1707. However, he and his three sons, Bidar Bakht, Jawan Bakht and Sikandar Shan, were later defeated and killed by Azam Shah's older half-brother, Shah Alam (later crowned as Bahadur Shah I), during the Battle of Jajau on 20 June 1707.

Early life

Birth

Qutb-ud-Din Muhammad Azam was born on 28 June 1653 in Burhanpur^[3] to Prince Muhi-ud-Din (later known as 'Aurangzeb' upon his accession) and his first wife Dilras Banu Begum.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] His mother, who died four years after giving birth to him, was the daughter of Mirza Badi-uz-Zaman Safavi (titled Shah Nawaz Khan) and a princess of the prominent Safavid dynasty of Persia.^[8] Therefore, Azam was not only a Timurid from his father's side, but also had in him the royal blood of the Safavid dynasty, a fact which Azam was extremely proud of and after the death of his younger brother, Prince Muhammad Akbar, the only son of Aurangzeb who could boast of being of the purest blood.^[9]

Azam's other half-brothers, Shah Alam (later Bahadur Shah I) and Muhammad Kam Bakhsh being the sons of Hindu wives of Aurangzeb.^[10] According to Niccolao Manucci, the courtiers were very impressed by Azam's royal Persian ancestry and the fact that he was the grandson of Shah Nawaz Khan Safavi.^[11]

Character

Crown Prince Azam, stands before his father, Emperor Aurangzeb

As Azam grew up, he was distinguished for his wisdom, excellence, and chivalry.^[12]^[13] Aurangzeb used to be extremely delighted with his son's noble character and excellent manners, and thought of him as his comrade rather than his son. He often used to say, "between this pair of matchless friends, a separation is imminent."^[14] Azam's siblings included his older sisters, the princesses: Zeb-un-Nissa, Zinat-un-Nissa, Zubdat-un-Nissa and his younger brother, Prince Muhammad Akbar.

Personal life

Azam was first married on 13 May 1668 to an Ahom princess, Ramani Gabharu, whose name was changed to Rahmat Bano Begum. She was the daughter of the Ahom king, Swargadeo Jayadhwaj Singh, and the marriage was a political one.^{[citation needed]}

On 3 January 1669, Azam married his cousin, Princess Jahanzeb Bano Begum, the daughter of his eldest uncle Crown Prince Dara Shikoh and his beloved wife Nadira Bano Begum.^{[citation needed]}

Jahanzeb was his chief wife and his favorite wife, whom he loved dearly. She gave birth to her eldest son on 4 August 1670. His grandfather Aurangzeb named him 'Bidar Bakht'. Aurangzeb, throughout his life, always loved the three of Azam and Jahanzeb (who is his favorite daughter-in-law) and Prince Bidar Bakht, a brave and successful general. Bidar Bakht was also Aurangzeb's favorite grandson.^{[citation needed]}

Azam's third marriage was fixed with Iran Dukht Rahmat Bano (Pari Bibi), daughter of Aurangzeb's maternal uncle Shaista Khan. However, the marriage could not take place due to the sudden death of Pari Bibi in Dhaka in 1684. In her memory, a mazar (mausoleum) was constructed in Fort Aurangabad (now Lalbagh Fort) in Dhaka.

As part of a political alliance, Azam later married his third (and last) wife, Shahar Bano Begum (Padshah Bibi), in 1681. She was a princess of the Adil Shahi dynasty and the daughter of the ruler Ali Adil Shah II. Despite Bijapur and his other marriages, Azam's love for Jahanzeb remained unchanged. Because when she died in 1705, he was filled with great sadness and despair which darkened the rest of his life.

Siege of Bijapur

Muhammad Azam with his son, Prince Bidar Bakht

In the year 1685 Aurangzeb dispatched his son Muhammad Azam Shah with a force of nearly 50,000 men to capture Bijapur Fort and defeat Sikandar Adil Shah the ruler of Bijapur who refused to be a vassal. The Mughals led by Muhammad Azam Shah could not make any advancements upon Bijapur Fort mainly due to the superior usage of cannon batteries on both sides. Outraged by the stalemate Aurangzeb himself arrived on 4 September 1686 and commanded the Siege of Bijapur after eight days of fighting and the Mughals were victorious.^{[citation needed]}

Subahdar of Bengal

Prince Azam was appointed the governor (Subahdar) of Berar Subah, Malwa and Bengal from 1678 to 1701 upon the death of his predecessor, Azam Khan Koka.^[15] He successfully captured the Kamrup region in February 1679. He founded the incomplete Lalbagh Fort in Dacca. During his administration, Mir Maula was appointed Diwan and Muluk Chand as Huzur-Navis for revenue collection.^[15] Prince Azam was recalled by Aurangzeb and left Dacca on 6 October 1679.^[15] Under Marathas Bengal went under administration of the Nawabs of Murshidabad.

He later became the governor of Gujarat from 1701 to 1706.

Accession

In third week of February 1707 in a bid to prevent a war of succession, Aurangzeb separated Azam and his younger half-brother, Kam Baksh, whom Azam particularly loathed. He sent Azam to Malwa and Kam Baksh to Bijapur. A few days before his death he wrote farewell letters to Azam. The next morning, Azam who had tarried outside Ahmednagar instead of proceeding to Malwa, arrived at the imperial camp and conveyed his father's body for burial at his tomb at Daulatabad.^[16] Azam Shah proclaimed himself Emperor and seized the throne. In the political struggles following the disputed succession, he and his son Prince Bidar Bakht were defeated and killed in Battle of Jajau on 20 June 1707 against elder half-brother, Prince Muhammad Mu'azzam, who succeeded their father to the Mughal throne.^[17] Azam Shah was killed by a musket shot which is believed to be fired by Isha Khan Main a jamindar of lakhi jangal of lahore subah. His grave along with that of his wife, lies in the dargah complex of Sufi saint, Sheikh Zainuddin, at Khuldabad near Aurangabad, which also houses the tomb of Aurangzeb to the west.^[18]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Muhammad Azam Shah

8. Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir, Mughal Emperor

4. Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I, Mughal Emperor

9. Jagat Gosain

2. Muhi-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor

10. Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan

5. Mumtaz Mahal

11. Diwanji Begum

1. Muhammad Azam Shah

12. Mirza Rustam Safawi

6. Mirza Badi-uz-Zaman Safavi

3. Dilras Banu Begum

14. Mirza Muhammad Sharif

7. Nauras Banu Begum

Full title

Padshah-i-Mumalik Abu'l Faaiz Qutb-ud-Din Muhammad Azam Shah-i-Ali Jah Ghazi

References

^ Garg, Sanjay (2018). Studies in Indo-Muslim History by S.H. Hodivala Volume II: A Critical Commentary on Elliot and Dowson's History of India as Told by its Own Historians (Vols. V-VIII) & Yule and Burnell's Hobson-Jobson. Routledge. ISBN 9780429757778.
^ Sir Jadunath Sarkar (1925). Anecdotes of Aurangzib. M.C. Sarkar & Sons. p. 21.
^ Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1912). History of Aurangzib Vol. I (PDF). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. p. 71.
^ Eraly, Abraham (2007). The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age. Penguin Books India. p. 147.
^ Chandra, Satish (2002). Parties and politics at the Mughal Court, 1707–1740. Oxford University Press. p. 50.
^ Koch, Ebba (1997). King of the world: the Padshahnama. Azimuth Ed. p. 104.
^ Nath, Renuka (1990). Notable Mughal and Hindu women in the 16th and 17th centuries A.D. New Delhi: Inter-India Publ. p. 148.
^ Annie Krieger-Krynicki (2005). Captive princess: Zebunissa, daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb. Oxford University Press. p. 1.
^ Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1916). History of Aurangzib: First half of the reign, 1658–1681. M.C. Sarkar & sons. p. 54.
^ Sir Jadunath Sarkar (1933). Studies in Aurangzib's reign: (being Studies in Mughal India, first series). Orient Longman. p. 43.
^ Krynicki, Annie Krieger (2005). Captive Princess : Zebunissa, daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb. Oxford University Press. p. 102. ISBN 9780195798371.
^ Elliot, Henry Miers (1959). The History of India: 1959 Volume 30 of The History of India: As Told by Its Own Historians; the Muhammadan Period; the Posthumous Papers of H. M. Elliot, Sir Henry Miers Elliot. Susil Gupta (India) Private. p. 48.
^ Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1974). History of Aurangzib: mainly based on Persian sources, Volume 5. Orient Longman. p. 219.
^ Saqi Musta'idd Khan, Jadunath Sarkar (1947). Maasir-i-'Alamgiri: A History of the Emperor Aurangzib-'Alamgir. Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 320.
^ ^a ^b ^c Karim, Abdul (2012). "Muhammad Azam, Prince". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
^ Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the peacock throne : the saga of the great Mughals ([Rev. ed.]. ed.). New Delhi: Penguin books. pp. 510–513. ISBN 9780141001432.
^ "Mughal dynasty".
^ "World Heritage Sites – Ellora Caves – Khuldabad". Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 6 May 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.

Regnal titles
Muhammad Azam Shah Timurid dynasty Born: 28 June 1653 Died: 8 June 1707
Preceded by Aurangzeb	Mughal Emperor 1707	Succeeded by Bahadur Shah I

[1] Garg, Sanjay (2018). Studies in Indo-Muslim History by S.H. Hodivala Volume II: A Critical Commentary on Elliot and Dowson's History of India as Told by its Own Historians (Vols. V-VIII) & Yule and Burnell's Hobson-Jobson. Routledge. ISBN 9780429757778.

[2] Sir Jadunath Sarkar (1925). Anecdotes of Aurangzib. M.C. Sarkar & Sons. p. 21.

[Sarkar1912-3] Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1912). History of Aurangzib Vol. I (PDF). Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. p. 71.

[4] Eraly, Abraham (2007). The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age. Penguin Books India. p. 147.

[5] Chandra, Satish (2002). Parties and politics at the Mughal Court, 1707–1740. Oxford University Press. p. 50.

[Koch-6] Koch, Ebba (1997). King of the world: the Padshahnama. Azimuth Ed. p. 104.

[Nath-7] Nath, Renuka (1990). Notable Mughal and Hindu women in the 16th and 17th centuries A.D. New Delhi: Inter-India Publ. p. 148.

[Annie-8] Annie Krieger-Krynicki (2005). Captive princess: Zebunissa, daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb. Oxford University Press. p. 1.

[Sarkar1916-9] Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1916). History of Aurangzib: First half of the reign, 1658–1681. M.C. Sarkar & sons. p. 54.

[10] Sir Jadunath Sarkar (1933). Studies in Aurangzib's reign: (being Studies in Mughal India, first series). Orient Longman. p. 43.

[11] Krynicki, Annie Krieger (2005). Captive Princess : Zebunissa, daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb. Oxford University Press. p. 102. ISBN 9780195798371.

[12] Elliot, Henry Miers (1959). The History of India: 1959 Volume 30 of The History of India: As Told by Its Own Historians; the Muhammadan Period; the Posthumous Papers of H. M. Elliot, Sir Henry Miers Elliot. Susil Gupta (India) Private. p. 48.

[13] Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1974). History of Aurangzib: mainly based on Persian sources, Volume 5. Orient Longman. p. 219.

[14] Saqi Musta'idd Khan, Jadunath Sarkar (1947). Maasir-i-'Alamgiri: A History of the Emperor Aurangzib-'Alamgir. Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 320.

[bpedia-15] Karim, Abdul (2012). "Muhammad Azam, Prince". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.

[16] Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the peacock throne : the saga of the great Mughals ([Rev. ed.]. ed.). New Delhi: Penguin books. pp. 510–513. ISBN 9780141001432.

[17] "Mughal dynasty".

[18] "World Heritage Sites – Ellora Caves – Khuldabad". Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 6 May 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.

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