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Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma

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For avian infectious laryngotracheitis, see Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1.
Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma
Other namesimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (Lukes-Collins Classification), AILD-type (lymphogranulomatosis X) T-cell lymphoma (Kiel Classification)[1]
SpecialtyHematology and oncology

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL, sometimes misspelled AILT, formerly known as "angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia"[2]: 747 ) is a mature T-cell lymphoma of blood or lymph vessel immunoblasts characterized by a polymorphous lymph node infiltrate showing a marked increase in follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and high endothelial venules (HEVs) and systemic involvement.[1]

Signs and symptoms

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Patients with AITL usually present at an advanced stage and show systemic involvement. The clinical findings typically include a pruritic skin rash and possibly edema, ascites, pleural effusions, and arthritis.[3][4]

Causes

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AITL was originally thought to be a premalignant condition, termed angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, and this atypical reactive lymphadenopathy carried a risk for transformation into a lymphoma. It is postulated that the originating cell for AITL is a mature (post-thymic) CD4+ T-cell that arises de novo,[1] or that the disease has a premalignant subtype.[5][6] The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is observed in the majority of cases,[1] being identified in the reactive (i.e. non-malignant) B-cells that comprise part of the polymorphous infiltrate of AITL.[7] These EBV+ B cells have numerous non-malignant crippling mutations, often proliferate excessively, and in some cases may transform into EBV+ B cell lymphomas. The other cell types in these infiltrates, including the malignant TFH cells, are EBV negative. While the World Health Organization (2016) has classified these EBV-associated cases as one of the Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases (see EBV+ angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma, the role of the virus in the development and progression of EBV+ angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma is unclear.[8] Immunodeficiency is also seen with AITL, but it is a sequela and not a predisposing factor.[1]

Diagnosis

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Laboratory findings

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The classical laboratory finding is polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, and other immunoglobulin derangements are also seen, including hemolytic anemia with cold agglutinins, circulating immune complexes, anti-smooth muscle antibodies, and positive rheumatoid factor.[1][3]

Lymph node

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The normal architecture of a lymph node is partially effaced by a polymorphous infiltrate and residual follicles are commonly seen. The polymorphous infiltrate consists of lymphocytes of moderate size with pale/clear cytoplasm and smaller reactive lymphocytes, eosinophils, histiocytes, plasma cells, and follicular dendritic cells. In addition, blast-like B-cells are occasionally seen. A classic morphological finding is the aborization and proliferation of high endothelial venules.[1] Hyperplastic germinal centers and Reed-Sternberg-like cells can also be seen.[9][10]

Immunophenotype

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AITL typically has the phenotype of a mixture of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, with a CD4:CD8 ratio greater than unity. Polyclonal plasma cells and CD21+ follicular dendritic cells are also seen.[1]

Molecular findings

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Clonal T-cell receptor gene rearrangements are detected in 75% of cases,[11] and immunoglobin gene rearrangements are seen in 10% of cases, and these cases are believed to be due to expanded EBV-driven B-cell populations.[12] Similarly, EBV-related sequences can be detected in most cases, usually in B-cells but occasionally in T-cells.[7][13] Trisomy 3, trisomy 5, and +X are the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities found in AITL cases.[14][15]

Treatment

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Epidemiology

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The typical patient with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) is either middle-aged or elderly, and no gender preference for this disease has been observed.[1] AITL comprises 15–20% of peripheral T-cell lymphomas and 1–2% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas.[16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Swerdlow, S.H.; Campo, E.; Harris, N.L.; Jaffe, E.S.; Pileri, S.A.; Stein, H.; Thiele, J.; Vardiman, J.W (2008). "11 Mature T- and NK-cell neoplasms: Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma". WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. IARC WHO Classification of Tumours. Vol. 2 (4th ed.). IARC. ISBN 978-9283224310.
  2. ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
  3. ^ a b Siegert W, Nerl C, Agthe A, et al. (September 1995). "Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AILD)-type T-cell lymphoma: prognostic impact of clinical observations and laboratory findings at presentation. The Kiel Lymphoma Study Group". Ann. Oncol. 6 (7): 659–64. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.annonc.a059281. PMID 8664186.
  4. ^ Jaffe ES (September 1995). "Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: new insights, but the clinical challenge remains". Ann. Oncol. 6 (7): 631–2. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.annonc.a059273. PMID 8664181.
  5. ^ Frizzera G, Kaneko Y, Sakurai M (January 1989). "Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and related disorders: a retrospective look in search of definitions". Leukemia. 3 (1): 1–5. PMID 2642571.
  6. ^ Smith JL, Hodges E, Quin CT, McCarthy KP, Wright DH (February 2000). "Frequent T and B Cell Oligoclones in Histologically and Immunophenotypically Characterized Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy". Am. J. Pathol. 156 (2): 661–9. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64770-0. PMC 1850038. PMID 10666395.
  7. ^ a b Weiss LM, Jaffe ES, Liu XF, Chen YY, Shibata D, Medeiros LJ (April 1992). "Detection and localization of Epstein-Barr viral genomes in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy-like lymphoma". Blood. 79 (7): 1789–95. doi:10.1182/blood.V79.7.1789.1789. PMID 1373088.
  8. ^ Rezk SA, Zhao X, Weiss LM (September 2018). "Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoid proliferations, a 2018 update". Human Pathology. 79: 18–41. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2018.05.020. PMID 29885408. S2CID 47010934.
  9. ^ Quintanilla-Martinez L, Fend F, Moguel LR, et al. (October 1999). "Peripheral T-cell lymphoma with Reed–Sternberg-like cells of B-cell phenotype and genotype associated with Epstein–Barr virus infection". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 23 (10): 1233–40. doi:10.1097/00000478-199910000-00008. PMID 10524524.
  10. ^ Ree HJ, Kadin ME, Kikuchi M, et al. (June 1998). "Angioimmunoblastic lymphoma (AILD-type T-cell lymphoma) with hyperplastic germinal centers". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 22 (6): 643–55. doi:10.1097/00000478-199806000-00001. PMID 9630171.
  11. ^ Feller AC, Griesser H, Schilling CV, et al. (December 1988). "Clonal gene rearrangement patterns correlate with immunophenotype and clinical parameters in patients with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy". Am. J. Pathol. 133 (3): 549–56. PMC 1880823. PMID 2849301.
  12. ^ Lipford EH, Smith HR, Pittaluga S, Jaffe ES, Steinberg AD, Cossman J (February 1987). "Clonality of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and implications for its evolution to malignant lymphoma". J. Clin. Invest. 79 (2): 637–42. doi:10.1172/JCI112860. PMC 424152. PMID 3805286.
  13. ^ Anagnostopoulos I, Hummel M, Finn T, et al. (October 1992). "Heterogeneous Epstein-Barr virus infection patterns in peripheral T-cell lymphoma of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy type". Blood. 80 (7): 1804–12. doi:10.1182/blood.V80.7.1804.1804. PMID 1327284.
  14. ^ Kaneko Y, Maseki N, Sakurai M, et al. (August 1988). "Characteristic karyotypic pattern in T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders with reactive "angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia-type" features". Blood. 72 (2): 413–21. doi:10.1182/blood.V72.2.413.413. PMID 3261178.
  15. ^ Schlegelberger B, Zhang Y, Weber-Matthiesen K, Grote W (October 1994). "Detection of aberrant clones in nearly all cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia-type T-cell lymphoma by combined interphase and metaphase cytogenetics". Blood. 84 (8): 2640–8. doi:10.1182/blood.V84.8.2640.2640. PMID 7919378.
  16. ^ "A clinical evaluation of the International Lymphoma Study Group classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Classification Project". Blood. 89 (11): 3909–18. June 1997. doi:10.1182/blood.V89.11.3909. PMID 9166827.
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