Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]
Jump to content

2013 Shahbag protests

Coordinates: 23°44′18″N 90°23′45″E / 23.73833°N 90.39583°E / 23.73833; 90.39583
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from 2013 Bangladesh protests)

2013 Shahbag Protests
Part of Trial for Bangladesh genocide from Bangladesh Liberation War
Demonstrators in Shahbag in February 2013
Date5 February 2013 – 6 March 2013
Location
Bangladesh (began at Shahbagh Square, Dhaka)

23°44′18″N 90°23′45″E / 23.73833°N 90.39583°E / 23.73833; 90.39583
Goals
Methods
Resulted in
Parties
Lead figures

On 5 February 2013, protests ignited in Shahbagh, Bangladesh, fueled by the call for the execution of the convicted war criminal Abdul Quader Mollah. Previously sentenced to life imprisonment, Mollah was convicted on five of six counts of war crimes by the International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh.[13][14] Mollah supported the West Pakistan during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War and played a crucial role in the murder of numerous Bengali nationalists and intellectuals.[15][16][17] The demonstrations also sought the government's ban on the radical right-wing and conservative-Islamist group, Jamaat-e-Islami from participating in politics, including elections, and a boycott of institutions supporting or affiliated with the group.[18]

Protesters perceived Mollah's sentence as unduly lenient,[19][20] leading bloggers and online activists to mobilize additional protests at Shahbagh, resulting in heightened participation in the demonstrations.[21][22] Jamaat orchestrated several counter-protests challenging the tribunal's validity and the protest movement, advocating for the release of those accused and convicted.[23]

On 15 February, blogger and activist Ahmed Rajib Haider was killed outside his house, by members of a far-right terrorist group Ansarullah Bangla Team affiliated with the student wing of Jamaat-e-Islami,[24] leading to widespread condemnation and outrage during the heightened time.[25][26] On 27 February of the same year, the war tribunal convicted Delwar Hossain Sayeedi, a prominent right-wing fundamental-Islamist, of war crimes against humanity and subsequently sentenced him to death.[23]

Historical context

[edit]
See also: 1971 Bangladesh atrocities and Razakars (Bangladesh)

From March to December 1971, East Pakistan engaged in a nine-month conflict against West Pakistan. The Indian Army, having provided guerrilla training to the Mukti Bahini, entered the war on 3 December 1971, supporting East Pakistan's liberation. The armed conflict culminated on 16 December 1971, with the surrender of the Pakistani Armed Forces to the joint force of Bangladesh and India in East Pakistan. This surrender marked the formation of the People's Republic of Bangladesh as an independent and sovereign nation.

According to the famous Blood telegram from the United States consulate in Dhaka (formerly known as 'Dacca') to the State Department, many atrocities had been committed by the Pakistan Army and its supporter Razakars and Al-Badar militia.[27][28][29][30] Time reported a high-ranking US official as saying, "It is the most incredible, calculated killing since the days of the Nazis in Poland."[31] Estimates are that one to three million people were killed, nearly a quarter of a million women were raped and more than ten million people fled to India to escape persecution.[32][33]

A paramilitary force known as the Razakars was created by the May 1971 Razakar Ordinance promulgated by Tikka Khan, the governor of East Pakistan. The ordinance stipulated the creation of a volunteer force, trained and equipped by the provincial government.[34]

The majority of East Pakistanis supported the call to create a free and independent Bangladesh during the Liberation War. However, Pakistani supporters and members of Islamic political parties, particularly Jamaat-e-islami and its east Pakistan student wing Islami Chatra Sangha (ICS, Bengali: ইসলামী ছাত্র সঙ্ঘ, romanized: Islami Chhatro Shônggho), the Muslim League, the Pakistan Democratic Party (PDP) Council and Nezam-e-Islami, collaborated with the Pakistani army to resist the formation of an independent Bangladesh. The students belonging to Islami Chatra Sangha were known as the Al-Badr force; people belonging to Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, Muslim League, Nizam-e-Islami and similar groups were called Al-Shams, and the Urdu-speaking people (generally known as Bihari) were known as Al-Mujahid.[35]

After independence

[edit]

In November 1973 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman issued a general pardon for the war criminals during the liberation war.[36] Under Ershad Jamaat-e-Islami participated in 1986 election. In the 1991 election, which was the first free and fair election after independence, Jamaat got 18 seats out of 300 and gained 12.2% of vote.[37]

In 1992, the distinguished Bangladeshi writer and political activist, Jahanara Imam, led the war-crime tribunal committee, Ekattorer Ghatak Dalal Nirmul Committee, advocating for the prosecution of Ghulam Azam, the leader of Jamaat-e-Islami and a convicted war criminal.[38] On 26 March 1992, the committee organized mock trials in Dhaka, known as Gono Adalat (The People's Court), symbolically 'sentencing' individuals they accused of being war criminals.[39]

In 2001 Election, Bangladesh Nationalist party in coalition with Jamaat-e-Islami won the election.[40] From 2001 to 2003, the leader of Jamat-e-Islami Motiur Rahman Nizami served as the Minister of Agriculture, then as the Minister of Industry from 2003 to 2006,[41] and general the secretary Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed served the Ministry of Social Welfare between 2001 and 2006.[42]

International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) of 2010

[edit]
Large white building, with many pillars
Old High Court Building, Dhaka, where the tribunal was taking place
See also: International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh) and International Crimes Tribunal Timeline

Since 2000, there has been growing demands in Bangladesh for justice related to war crimes committed during the 1971 struggle; the issue was central to the 2008 general election.[43][44] The Awami League-led, 14-party Grand Alliance included this issue in its election manifesto.[45] Its rival, four-party alliance (which included the BNP and Jamaat-e-Islami) had several leaders alleged to have committed war crimes.[46]

The Grand Alliance won the election (held on 29 December 2008) with a two-thirds majority, based in part on its promise to prosecute alleged war criminals.[47][48][49] On 29 January 2009 the new Parliament unanimously passed a resolution to prosecute war criminals.[50] The government intended to use the 1973 law: the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act.[51] The government worked to amend the law, updating it and incorporating in it other nations' experience.[52][53][54] The amendments provided the legal basis for the trial of individuals and political parties that had committed war crimes during Bangladesh liberation war. The government was empowered to appeal tribunal decisions.[54]

On 25 March 2010, the Awami-led government announced the formation of a three-member tribunal, a seven-member investigation agency, and a twelve-member prosecution team to conduct the trials under the ICT Act 1973.[45][55] The panel of three judges included Fazle Kabir and Zahir Ahmed, with Mohammed Nizamul Huq as chairman.[56] Abdul Matin, Abdur Rahim, Kutubur Rahman, Shamsul Arefin, Mir Shahidul Islam, Nurul Islam and M. Abdur Razzak Khan were appointed to assist the state prosecutors.[57] Golam Arif Tipu was named Chief Prosecutor. Others prosecutors were Syed Rezaur Rahman, Golam Hasnayen, Rana Das Gupta, Zahirul Huq, Nurul Islam Sujan, Syed Haider Ali, Khandaker Abdul Mannan, Mosharraf Hossain Kajal, Ziad Al-Malum, Sanjida Khanom and Sultan Mahmud Semon.[57]

Verdicts

[edit]

A formal charge was filed by the prosecution against Abdul Quader Mollah on 18 December 2011. He was charged with:[16]

  • The Pallab murder
  • Killing pro-liberation poet Meherunnesa, her mother and two brothers
  • The Khandoker Abu Taleb killing
  • The Ghatar Char and Bhawal Khan Bari killings
  • The Alubdi mass killing (344 people)
  • The rape and murder of Hazrat Ali and his family

On 5 February 2013, the ICT found Mollah guilty of crimes against humanity.[16][58] The day before the verdict was announced, Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami announced a nationwide dawn-to-dusk general strike for 5 February in protest of their leader's conviction.[59][60]

Protesters' demands

[edit]

Over several days, protesters increased their demands, asking for:

  • Death penalty for Mollah[1][61][62]
  • Death sentences for those convicted of war crimes by the International War Crimes Tribunal[63][64][65]
  • A ban of Jamaat from Bangladeshi politics[2][3]
  • A boycott of Jamaat institutions[4]

Development

[edit]

Origins

[edit]

Protest began right after the verdict was announced. Student organizations started the protest immediately after the Judgement in the Shahbagh square.[66] On 7 February, demonstrations began at 8 am. Thousands of people gathered with banners, posters, Bangladeshi flags and placards in Shahbagh with their demands.[67] On Friday afternoon, a mass rally was held at Shahbagh with an estimated attendance of more than 100,000.[1]

On 12 February, protesters observed three minutes of silence at 4 pm at Shahbagh and all across Bangladesh.[68] In Dhaka, traffic was stopped as thousands of people took to the streets, formed human chains and stood in silence. A Bangladesh Premier League game at the Sher-e-Bangla National Stadium halted for three minutes, as players and supporters observed the silence. Parliamentarians and the police also joined the protest.[69] Bengali singer Kabir Suman wrote a song entitled "Tin Minit" ("Three Minutes") in honour of the silent protest.[70][71]

Further developments

[edit]

On 21 February, International Mother Language Day, the number of protesters reached a new high. Its leadership declared 26 March 2013, the Independence Day of Bangladesh, as the deadline for the government to ban Jamaat-e-Islami from politics.[72]

Protesters at night, chanting and holding torches
Protesters at Shahbagh Square

Seven protesters began a fast until death on 26 March at 10:30 pm in front of the National Museum, protesting "inadequate government action" to ban Jamaat in response to the Shahbagh protesters' ultimatum.[73] The protesters said at a press briefing that they would send an open letter to Prime Minister Hasina during the 100th hour of their protests.[74] More than 100 organizations expressed solidarity with the hunger strikers.[75]

Sentencing of Delwar Hossain Sayeedi

[edit]
See also: 2013 Bangladesh riots and 2013 Bangladesh Anti-Hindu violence

On 28 February the International Crimes Tribunal sentenced Delwar Hossain Sayeedi, Nayeb-e-Ameer (vice-president) of Jamaat-e-Islami,[76] to death for convictions on 8 out of 20 charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.[77]

Counter-demonstrations

[edit]

Jamaat followers were enraged by the decision, claiming that the case against Sayeedi was politically motivated. His lawyer, Abdur Razzaq, accused authorities of preventing a key witness from testifying and intentionally slanting the process.[78] "This is a perverse judgment. It is inconceivable that a court of law awarded him a conviction. This prosecution was for a political purpose", Razzaq said.[78] Jamaat quickly called for a nationwide two-day strike, to start on 3 March.[79] By afternoon, violence led by Jamaat-e-Islami supporters had erupted across Bangladesh.[78] "The Jamaat-e-Islami is fighting for its political survival", said a spokesperson.[79] By the end of the day thirty-five people were dead, including three police officers;[79] an additional eight hundred were injured.[79] According to the BBC, it marked "the worst day of political violence in Bangladesh in decades".[80]

Clashes between police and Jamaat-e-Islami workers continued on 1 March, spreading to the northern districts of Gaibandha and Chapai Nawabganj.[80] Opposition leader Khaleda Zia criticised government and called for a demonstration in the capital, Dhaka. Security measures were increased to prevent the situation from escalating.[80] The death toll rose to forty-four (including six policemen).[78] Former prime minister and BNP member Khaleda Zia declared a nationwide dawn-to-dusk strike for 5 March, and called for countrywide rallies on 2 March to protest what she called government corruption, misrule, oppression, and "mass killings".[81]

Violent conflict continued on 2 March, with another four deaths and hundreds of injuries.[81] In Chittagong district police opened fire on Jamaat-e-Islami protesters, leading to three deaths.[81] In Nilphamari, a young person died in a clash between protesters and police.[81]

On 3 March, violence continued as the Jamaat-organised strike began. In Bogra Jamaat supporters attacked police outposts with sticks and homemade bombs, leading to at least eight deaths.[23] In Godagari two deaths were reported in a similar incident,[23] and three deaths were reported in the Joypurhat district.[23] Violence continued in Chittagong as well, where Jamaat claimed that police opened fire without provocation. The government denied the charge, saying that violence against citizens and police would not be tolerated; three deaths were reported.[23] "People in the street are very, very afraid of Jamaat-e-Islam. I am scared", reported an eyewitness in Dhaka.[23] Jamaat supporters were accused of attacking Hindu citizens and their homes in many parts of the country, and torching Hindu temples.[82][83] More than 40 temples and many statues were destroyed and scores of houses set ablaze, leaving hundreds of people homeless throughout the country.[84][85]

Amnesty International has urged the Bangladeshi government to provide better protection for minority Hindus.[86] Abbas Faiz, the organization's Bangladesh researcher, has noted that the attacks on the Hindu community were a shocking development in the recent history of Bangladesh.[87]

Reactions

[edit]
Further information: An Open Letter from Shah Ahmad Shafi to the Government and the Public

Domestic response

[edit]
Large crowd (mostly male) with banners in street
Protest in front of Chittagong Press Club

The Shahbagh protests has attracted people from all walks of life.[17] The Shahbagh intersection at the centre of the protests has been referred to as "Generation Circle" (Bengali: প্রজন্ম চত্ত্বর Projônmo Chôttor) or "Shahbagh Square", in a nod to the events which unfolded in Tahrir Square, Cairo.[1] The protest spread from Shahbagh to other parts of the country, with sit-ins and demonstrations in Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna, Sylhet, Barisal, Mymensingh, Rajbari, Rangpur, Comilla, Bogra, Narayanganj, Sunamganj, Noakhali and Narsingdi.[88][89][90][91]

Political response

[edit]

State Minister for Law, Quamrul Islam, said that the verdict against Abdul Quader Mollah could have been different if people had taken to the streets sooner.[92] The government is planning to file appeals with the Supreme Court contesting the sentence for Mollah.[93] On 11 February the Cabinet approved proposed amendments to the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act 1973, introducing a provision for plaintiffs to appeal verdicts handed down by the tribunal. This amendment, if passed, would enable the state to appeal Mollah's life sentence.[94]

Jamaat-e-Islami, which was already staging protests against the impending trial of its leaders, called for a general strike.[95] Jamaat continues to demand that the international war crimes tribunal be stopped and its party leaders freed. Jamaat supporters had staged nationwide demonstrations with increasing frequency from November 2012 to February 2013, demanding the release of its leaders.[60][96] Actions included firing gunshots, smashing and setting fire to vehicles and detonating homemade bombs.[97][98][99][100] Violence was targeted at police stationed in the capital, Dhaka, and major cities such as Rajshahi,[100] Cox's Bazar,[101] Chittagong,[102] Rangpur,[103] Dinajpur[104] and Khulna.[105][106] Several Jamaat-Shibir political activists were arrested during the strikes and confrontations with police.[102][105]

Reaction from Bangladeshis abroad

[edit]

Bangladeshis abroad have expressed solidarity with the protests through social media websites Facebook and Twitter.[67] Demonstrations of solidarity have also taken place in Australia,[107] Malaysia,[108] Germany,[109] and the United States.

Bangladeshis in New York City joined in a symbolic protest on 9 February at Diversity Plaza in Jackson Heights.[110] A mass sit-in was organised by the Bangladeshi community in Sydney on 10 February at the International Mother Language Monument in Sydney Ashfield Park.[111] At a rally at the Angel Statue in Melbourne, demonstrators signed a petition to Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina demanding death for war criminals.[112]

Semicircle of demonstrators holding candlelight vigil
Shahbagh protest supporters in Stuttgart

On 10 February, Bangladeshi students gathered at Rutgers University in New Jersey to express solidarity with the Shahbagh protests. Bangladeshi students at the University of Delaware and nearby residents demonstrated their solidarity with the Shahbagh movement on 15 February at a busy intersection in Newark, Delaware. A candlelight vigil was held that evening for Rajib, a blogger and human rights activist who was killed several hours before the demonstration.[113]

In London, protesters at Altab Ali Park in solidarity for Shahbagh were attacked by Jamaat-e-Islami supporters. Protests are held at the park every week by both sides.[114]

International response

[edit]

On 18 February British Foreign Office minister Sayeeda Warsi hailed the Shahbagh Square protests, describing them as peaceful, productive and non-violent.[115][116] An article in the Fletcher Forum of World Affairs by Suzannah Linton on 27 February expressed concern about "bloodlust in Bangladesh" and called on the international community to steer the process towards international standards.[117]

Media coverage

[edit]
Protester in a crowd holding up English-language poster
Protester showing placard to foreign media

International media outlets such as BBC, CNN, Al Jazeera English, The New York Times, and The Independent have published numerous reports and articles on the protests,[1][118][119] with BBC Bangla closely monitoring and documenting the events.[120][121] Additionally, Reuters photographer Andrew Biraj published live photographs from the massive Shahbagh demonstrations.[122]

Social media played a crucial role in disseminating news globally about events at Shahbagh.[123][124] A Facebook event was created, calling for a protest at Shahbagh, resulting in the formation of the viral human chain on 5 February 2013.[125] Facebook served as one of the primary sources of information about the Shahbagh protests among its activists.[123][124] Bangladeshis utilized the X (formally Twitter) hashtag #shahbag to provide live updates on the movement.[126][127]

Outcome

[edit]
On 11 December 2013 demand for quick execution of 'Butcher' Molla'
Protesters advocating for the swift execution of the convicted war criminal Abdul Quader Mollah, circa 11 December 2013.

The demonstration exerted pressure on the government, prompting amendments to the International Crimes Tribunal Act to facilitate the swift execution of war criminals upon conviction.[5] The cabinet established a 60-day limit for the Supreme Court's Appellate Division to adjudicate appeals, ensuring expeditious case progress.[5] In response to widespread protests, Jute and Textiles Minister Abdul Latif Siddiqui announced on 12 February that a bill is in the drafting stage to prohibit Jamaat-e-Islami from participating in Bangladeshi politics.[128]

On 17 September 2013, the Bangladesh Supreme Court found Abdul Quader Mollah guilty of several counts of premeditated murder and war crimes which were committed during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War and ordered his execution. He was subsequently executed on 12 December 2013.[129]

Controversies surrounding the protests

[edit]
  • During the movement, protesters used various slogans. These included "Ekta ekta Shibir dhor, dhoira dhoira jobai kor." ("Catch Shibir activists one by one, and slaughter them."),[130][131][132][133][134] "Rajakarer chamra, kutta diya kamra." ("Make dogs chew on the skin of razakars."), among others, which were accused of promoting violence.[135] Threats were directed against academic Piash Karim for his stance against the tribunals.,[136][137] while boycotts and death threats were declared against Asif Nazrul,[138] Farhad Mazhar and Motiur Rahman Chowdhury.[137]
  • The Awami League fully supported the prosecution of the individuals who were responsible for the genocide and war crimes committed during the 1971 War of Liberation.[139] Since the beginning of the war tribunal proceedings held by the International Crimes Tribunal, which consisted of a three-member judge, a seven-member investigation agency, and a twelve-member prosecution team, 83 individuals have been prosecuted, with 52 receiving the death penalty.[140] Many critics argue that the movement was partially orchestrated by the government to garner public support for the prosecution of the right-wing Jamaat-e-Islami leaders, thereby consolidating power 42 years after the war.[141]
  • On 25 October 2014, a Shahbagh movement's leader named Mahmudul Haque Munshi attempted to hurl a shoe at the vehicle carrying the coffin of Golam Azam after his funeral.[142][143] Shahbagh protesters called for boycotting institutions run by Jamaat-e-Islam political leaders such as Islami Bank and Retina Coaching Centre.[144][145] The Bangladesh Chhatra League was accused of coercing students from various residential halls of the University of Dhaka to join the rallies. Mass protests were held, urging the boycott of certain right-wing media outlets critical of the war tribunals, which included Diganta Television, Daily Naya Diganta, Amar Desh, and The Daily Sangram,[145][146]
  • Shahbagh is home to many important, national and largest hospitals in Dhaka City, including BIRDEM General Hospital, Ibrahim Medical College.[147] The prolonged blockade of this crucial and sensitive road by protesters for over a month was accused of causing substantial suffering for patients.[148]

Timeline

[edit]
Protesters in Shahbagh

In the wake of Abdul Quader Molla's life imprisonment sentence on 5 February, the Shahbagh protests unfolded with increasing intensity, expanding beyond Shahbagh Square to other cities and towns.

  • 5 February - Abdul Quader Molla is sentenced to life imprisonment. Initial gathering of protesters in Shahbagh Square (also known as Shahbagh Circle).[17]
  • 6–7 February - Protests intensify, crowds grow bigger, other cities and towns pick up protest. Bangladeshi diaspora and student communities abroad also begin to express solidarity with the protest.
  • 8 February - Hundreds of thousands attend afternoon rallies in Shahbagh and nationwide. Dr Muhammed Zafar Iqbal and others address the crowds.
  • 9–10 February - Protest continues countrywide.
  • 12 February - A 3 minute silence is observed in Shahbagh and all across the country.[149][150] Shibir attempts to disrupt with a mid-day rally which quickly turns violent as they use guns and bombs against police.[151][152]
  • 15 February - Protester and blogger Ahmed Rajib Haider is killed. Haider had actively participated in the protest from the beginning and had written several blogs against Jamaat-e-Islami activities.[153]
  • 16 February - Thousands of people from all professions gather at Shahbagh wearing black badges to show their respect on the death of Ahmed Rajib Haider. By touching the coffin, protesters swear not to return home leaving their demands unfulfilled.[154][155]
  • 17 February - Various schools in Dhaka hoist the national flag and sing the national anthem to express solidarity with Shahbagh protesters. The Shahbagh activists announce a "grand rally" to be held on 21 February and reiterate their demand of death penalty for war criminals.[156][157][158]
  • 18 February - The Shahbagh protests continues for the 14th day. Khelafat Andolon and Islami Oikya Jote demand the death penalty for top bloggers (Omi Rahman Pial, Ibrahim Khalil, Arif Jebtik and Asif Mohiuddin) of the ongoing Shahbagh movement.[159][160]
  • 19 February - British foreign office minister Baroness Sayeeda Warsi praises the Shahbagh Square protest, describing it as peaceful and productive. Shahbagh protesters vow to spread their movement to the grassroots level by making 'Gonojagoron Mancha' (mass-upsurge stage) like Shahbagh square at every corner of the country.[115][161]
  • 20 February - Alleged "smear campaign" against Shahbagh activists, branding them as anti-Islamic and anti-social elements by appealing to the religious sentiments of the people and at the same time trying to brand Haider as an atheist to justify his murder.[162]
  • 21 February - After the movement ran for two weeks, with huge participation from masses of people, in the grand rally at Shahbagh held on 21 February 2013 in the afternoon, Dr. Imran H Sarker presents six demands before the people.[72] An intelligence agency releases a message to the news media and law enforcement agencies which states that some "anti-state elements" will try to carry out destructive activities including suicide bomb attacks on places like Shahbagh, Shaheed Minar and Baitul Mukarram. Law enforcement agencies arrest several Jamaat-e-Islami leaders and Shibir political activists carrying explosives and planning to attack Shaheed Minar.[163]
  • 22 February - Shahbagh Ganajagaran Mancha calls for nationwide protest just 1 day after calling off their demonstration at Shahbagh. This happens after Jamaat political and radical Islamists went on a rampage in Dhaka city, clashing with police and attacking them with bombs and stones.[164][165] Jamaat Islamists destroy the Sylhet Central Shaheed Minar setting on fire the national flag of Bangladesh and flowers.[166]
  • 6 March - The Shahbagh protests has completed in one month. What started from the bloggers and online activists, has turned into a mass uprising, spread across the country to people from all walks of life, and among the expatriate Bangladeshis.[167]

Photos

[edit]
Domestic
  • Protesters at night, with torches
    Protesters in Shahbag
  • Seated protesters, holding placards
    Placards with demands
  • Aerial photo of large, nighttime demonstration
    Candlelight vigil
  • Displaying shoes gor war criminals
    Displaying shoes for war criminals
Overseas

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2013 Shahbag Protest.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "Huge Bangladesh rally seeks death penalty for War Crimes". BBC News. 8 February 2013. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  2. ^ a b "Shahbagh grand rally demands ban on Jamaat". The Daily Star. 9 February 2013. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  3. ^ a b "Cry for Jamaat ban". Bdnews24.com. 8 February 2013. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  4. ^ a b "Vow to boycott Jamaat institutions". The Daily Star. 9 February 2013. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  5. ^ a b c Alam, Shafiq (12 February 2013). "Bangladesh approves law to swiftly execute war criminals". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  6. ^ "Bangladesh executes opposition leader". Al Jazeera. 12 December 2013. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  7. ^ Jamaat-e-Islami leader Muhammad Kamaruzzaman hanged by Bangladesh for 1971 war crimes Archived 2022-01-29 at the Wayback Machine. Jagran Josh. 13 April 2015.
  8. ^ "Bangladesh executes 2 opposition leaders for war crimes". Hindustan Times. 22 November 2015. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  9. ^ Bangladesh Hangs Another Islamist Leader Archived 2022-01-29 at the Wayback Machine. The Diplomat. 15 May 2016.
  10. ^ Bangladesh executes Islamist tycoon Mir Quasem Ali for 1971 war crimes Archived 2022-01-29 at the Wayback Machine International Business Times. 4 September 2016
  11. ^ Khalidi, Toufique Imrose (6 May 2013). "Behind the rise of Bangladesh's Hefazaat". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
  12. ^ "Bangladesh court declares Jamaat illegal". Al Jazeera. 1 August 2013. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  13. ^ "Zafar Iqbal slams media". The Daily Star. 5 January 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  14. ^ "The International Crimes (Tribunals) Act, 1973". bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  15. ^ Rabbi, Saimul Islam (16 February 2013). "Bangladesh 1971: War Crimes, Genocide and Crimes against Humanity". BD News 24. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013.
  16. ^ a b c "Summary of verdict in Quader Mollah case". The Daily Star. 6 February 2013. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  17. ^ a b c "Protesters demand death for Bangladesh war crimes Islamist". Reuters. 6 February 2013. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  18. ^ Rahman, Mashiur (28 February 2013). "Analysis: Calls grow for banning Jamaat-e-Islami in BD". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  19. ^ "Outraged". 6 February 2013. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  20. ^ Sarkar, Ashutosh (7 February 2013). "Verdict surprises some top jurists". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  21. ^ "Bangladesh's rising voices". Aljazeera. 19 February 2013. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  22. ^ "Outrage explodes over verdict". The Daily Star. 7 February 2013. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g "Bangladesh deaths rise as Jamaat protest strike begins". BBC News. 3 March 2013. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  24. ^ "Blogger Rajib's 'killers' linked to al-Qaeda: DB". The Daily Star. Transcom Group. 15 March 2013. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2015. The North South University students ... were working under a new-born extremist militant organisation 'Ansarullah Bengali Team'
  25. ^ "Shahbagh protest to go relentless". bdnews24.com. 15 February 2013. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  26. ^ "Shibir man behind blogger killing". The Daily Star. 2 March 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  27. ^ "Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere" (PDF). U.S. Consulate (Dacca) Cable, Sitrep. 31 March 1971. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  28. ^ "Document 125". 2001-2009.state.gov. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  29. ^ "Document 126". 2001-2009.state.gov. Archived from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  30. ^ "Document 127". 2001-2009.state.gov. Archived from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  31. ^ "Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal". Time. 2 August 1971. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  32. ^ "3 MILLION Slaughtered Sheik MUJIB Charges 'Greatest Massacre'," The Portsmouth Herald, page 6, '17 January 1972, Portsmouth, New Hampshire
  33. ^ Dummett, Mark (30 June 2008). "Bangladesh war crimes stir tension". BBC News. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  34. ^ "The East Pakistan Razakars Ordinance, 1971" (PDF). The Dacca Gazette Extraordinary. 2 August 1971. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2013.
  35. ^ Das, Tapos Kanti (11 May 2013). "Jamaat played proactive role in 1971 genocide: ICT-2". The New Age. Dhaka. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013.
  36. ^ Khan, Mushtaq H. (2002). "Class, Clientelism and Communal Politics in Contemporary Bangladesh". In Panikkar, K. N.; Byres, Terence J.; Patnaik, Utsa (eds.). The Making of History: Essays Presented to Irfan Habib. London: Anthem Press. p. 579. ISBN 1-84331-0538.
  37. ^ Electoral system Archived 2017-10-17 at the Wayback Machine Inter-Parliamentary Union
  38. ^ "Return of that famous letter". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  39. ^ "Jahanara Imam's death anniversary today". The New Age. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  40. ^ "Zia wins power in Bangladesh". CNN. 5 October 2001. Archived from the original on 27 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  41. ^ "End of Nizami". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  42. ^ "Like father, like son". The Daily Star. 18 November 2015. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  43. ^ "Dhaka body lists war criminals of 1971". The Indian. 4 April 2008. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  44. ^ Hussain, Ahmede (11 July 2008). "Bangladesh's Unfinished Revolution". Star Weekend Magazine. Dhaka: The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  45. ^ a b Manik, Julfikar Ali; Tusher, Hasan Jahid (26 March 2010). "Stage set for war trial". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  46. ^ "No against war criminals won" Archived 2014-04-13 at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Prothom Alo, 31 December 2008, collected from ICSF Media Archive Archived 2013-02-08 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ Julhas Alam, "Bangladesh wrestles with trials from '71 war Archived 2015-03-06 at the Wayback Machine", The Guardian, 21 December 2011
  48. ^ "A historic landslide for Hasina". bdnews24.com. Dhaka. 30 December 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  49. ^ "Awami League wins Bangladesh election". CNN. 30 December 2008. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  50. ^ "JS passes proposal to try war criminals". The Daily Star. 30 January 2009. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  51. ^ "Bangladesh Genocide Archive". genocidebangladesh.org. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  52. ^ "War criminal trial under int'l crime act". The Daily Star. 26 March 2009. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  53. ^ "Opinion of the Law Commission on the technical aspects of the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act, 1973 (Act No. XIX of 1973)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  54. ^ a b "Law amended for war crime trials". The Daily Star. 10 July 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  55. ^ "Prosecutor begins statement against SQ Chy". Bdnews24. 3 May 2012. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  56. ^ "We will wait, watch: Jamaat on war crimes trial". Thaindian News. IANS. 26 March 2010. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  57. ^ a b "War Crimes Tribunal constituted, prosecutors, investigation agency named". UNBconnect. 25 March 2010. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  58. ^ "Bangladesh jails Islamic party leader for life". The Guardian. London. 5 February 2013. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  59. ^ "66 held during violence-marred Jamaat strike". BDNews24. 5 February 2013. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  60. ^ a b Habib, Haroon (16 February 2013). "At Shahbagh, Bangladesh's fourth awakening". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  61. ^ Alam, Julhas (8 February 2013). "Hundreds of thousands rally in Bangladesh to demand executions of 1971 war crimes suspects". Toronto Star. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  62. ^ "Protesters continue to demand death penalty for Bangladesh war criminal Abdul Quader Mollah". newstrackindia. 8 February 2013. Archived from the original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  63. ^ "Teeming thousands chant 'Hang them all'". Bdnews24.com. 8 February 2013. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  64. ^ Alam, Julhas (8 February 2013). "Bangladesh Protest Calls for Death for War Crimes". ABC News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  65. ^ "Nationwide protests in B'desh; death for war criminals demanded". zeenews. 9 February 2013. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  66. ^ মৃত্যুদণ্ড না হওয়ায় হতাশা, ক্ষোভ. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 6 February 2013. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  67. ^ a b "Protest gets social media boost". BDNews24. 6 February 2013. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  68. ^ "Bangladesh falls silent for execution of war criminals". www.asiaone.com. Archived from the original on 5 August 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  69. ^ "A silence stronger than words". The Daily Star. 12 February 2013. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013.
  70. ^ Suman, Kabir. "Tin Minit (Three Minutes)". kabirsumanonline.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  71. ^ সুমনের 'তিন মিনিট' [Tin Minute of Suman]. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 13 February 2013. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  72. ^ a b "Act before March 26". The Daily Star. 22 February 2013. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  73. ^ "Shaheed Rumi Squad begins fast-unto-death for ban on Jamaat". The Daily Star. 28 March 2013. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  74. ^ "Rumi Squad urges students to hold token hunger strike". The New Age. 30 March 2013. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014.
  75. ^ "Rumi Squad continues fast unto death". The Daily Star. 30 March 2013. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  76. ^ "Sayedee verdict Thursday". The Daily Star. 27 February 2013. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  77. ^ Manik, Julfikar Ali; Khan, Mahbubur Rahman (1 March 2013). "Gallows for Sayedee". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  78. ^ a b c d Julfikar Ali Manik; Jim Yardley (1 March 2013). "Death Toll From Bangladesh Unrest Reaches 44". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  79. ^ a b c d Devnath, Arun; MacAskill, Andrew (1 March 2013). "Clashes Kill 35 in Bangladesh After Islamist Sentenced to Hang". Bloomberg Business. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  80. ^ a b c "Bangladesh war crimes verdict sparks more violence". BBC News. 1 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  81. ^ a b c d Naim-Ul-Karim (2 March 2013). "4 dead, hundreds injured as riots continue in Bangladesh". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  82. ^ "Jamaat men attack Hindus in Noakhali". bdnews24. 28 February 2013. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  83. ^ "Stop violence against Hindus: Bangladeshi daily". Zee News. 4 March 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  84. ^ Habib, Haroon (1 March 2013). "44 killed in Bangladesh violence". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  85. ^ "Bangladesh: Khaleda Zia condemns attacks on Hindus, demands probe". The Times of India. 5 March 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  86. ^ "Bangladesh: Wave of violent attacks against Hindu minority". Amnesty International. 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  87. ^ "Amnesty calls for protecting Hindus". 7 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  88. ^ "Protests rage for third day over Bangladeshi war crimes Islamist". Reuters. 7 February 2013. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  89. ^ Preetha, Sushmita S (7 February 2013). "Thousands join Shahbagh sit-in". Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  90. ^ Ahmed, Anis (6 February 2013). "Protesters demand death for Bangladesh war crimes Islamist". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  91. ^ "People burst into protests". The New Age. 7 February 2013. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  92. ^ "Verdict could be different if people took to streets earlier: Quamrul" Archived 10 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine, News
  93. ^ Sarkar, Ashutosh (9 February 2013). "Govt, defence ready to file appeals". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  94. ^ "Provision for appeal endorsed: Cabinet okays change to war crimes trial act". The Daily Star. 12 February 2013. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  95. ^ "Jamaat calls hartal in Ctg for tomorrow". The Daily Star. 8 February 2013. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  96. ^ Farid, Ahmed (16 February 2013). "Bangladesh war crimes verdict protests turn deadly". CNN. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  97. ^ "Jamaat, Shibir attack policemen across country". bdnews24.com. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  98. ^ "Jamaat, Shibir attack police in Khulna". bdnews24.com. 6 February 2013. Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  99. ^ "Jamaat, Shibir men torch 2 vehicles in Ctg". The Daily Star. 7 February 2013. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  100. ^ a b "Jamaat-Shibir men go on rampage". The New Age. 29 January 2013. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  101. ^ "Jamaat-Shibir let loose terror in several districts". The Independent. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  102. ^ a b "Three shot dead in Ctg during Jamaat-Shibir hartal". The Independent. 5 February 2013. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  103. ^ "40 injured in police and Jamaat-Shibir clash in Rangpur". Bangladesh Sangbad Snagstha(BSS).
  104. ^ "Jamaat turns violent, clash with cops across country; 168 injured". UNBconnect. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  105. ^ a b "Jamaat, Shibir clash with police across country". The New Age. 11 November 2012. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  106. ^ "Jamaat rampage continues". The Daily Star. 14 February 2013. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  107. ^ Haque, Enamul (18 February 2013). "Sydney students are with Shahbag". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  108. ^ "timesworld24.com-last updated news::কাদের মোল্লার ফাঁসি : আন্দোলন মালয়েশিয়াতেও". Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  109. ^ "Cologne joins Shahbag in solidarity". bdnews24.com. 16 February 2013. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  110. ^ "Bangladesh Photo Gallery: Latest Pictures, Best News Photos, Images about on Bangladesh". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  111. ^ "Expats express solidarity with Shahbagh protestors". Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha (BSS). 11 February 2013. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  112. ^ "Bangladeshis in Melbourne express solidarity with Shahbag protests". The New Age. 11 February 2013. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014.
  113. ^ "Shahbagh protester killed". bdnews24.com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
  114. ^ Cohen, Nick (17 February 2013). "The agonies of Bangladesh come to London". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2013. The conflict between the Shahbag and Jamaat has already reached London. On 9 February, local supporters of the uprising demonstrated in Altab Ali Park, a rare patch of green space off the Whitechapel Road in London's East End. They were met by Jamaatis. "They attacked our men with stones," one of the protest's organisers told me. "There were old people and women and children there, but they still attacked us."
  115. ^ a b "UK minister praises Shahbagh protests". The Independent. Dhaka. 20 February 2013. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  116. ^ "UK Minister hails Shahbagh demo". bdnews24.com. 18 February 2013. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  117. ^ "Bloodlust in Bangladesh: A Search for Justice Gone Wrong". The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. 27 February 2013. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014.
  118. ^ Philip Hensher (19 February 2013). "The war Bangladesh can never forget". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  119. ^ "Thousands in Bangladesh war crimes protest". Al Jazeera English. 7 February 2013. Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  120. ^ Sabbir, Mir (9 February 2013). বাংলাদেশে যুদ্ধাপরাধীদের ফাঁসির দাবিতে শাহবাগে পঞ্চম দিনের মতো বিক্ষোভ চলছে [Follow up of the events by BBC Bangla]. BBC Bangla (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  121. ^ শাহবাগের বিক্ষোভ থেকে একজন [Interview with a protester from Shahbagh]. BBC Bangla (in Bengali). 7 February 2013. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  122. ^ Ahmed, Anis (8 February 2013). "Bangladeshi war crimes protesters turn anger towards feuding politicians". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
  123. ^ a b "Shahbagh 'battle' now on cyber space". bdnews24.com. 10 February 2013. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  124. ^ a b Anam, Tahmima (13 February 2013). "Shahbag protesters versus the Butcher of Mirpur". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  125. ^ "Defiant crowd battles propaganda war". bdnews24. 11 February 2013. Archived from the original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  126. ^ Prokopp, Christian (9 February 2013). "Shahbag online". The Daily Ittefaq. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  127. ^ Prokopp, Christian (15 February 2013). "Shahbag outcry". The Daily Ittefaq. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  128. ^ "Bill to ban Jamaat on way". 12 February 2013. Archived from the original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  129. ^ "Criminal Appeal(A) 24/2013". Supreme Court of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015.
  130. ^ "The Orwellian dystopia in Bangladesh". southasinjournal. 8 November 2019. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  131. ^ "A CALL TO RISE". The Daily Star. 16 February 2013. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  132. ^ Talukder Shaheb (14 July 2013), Debunking the Propaganda: Allama Shafi 'viral' video, archived from the original on 26 May 2020, retrieved 21 August 2018
  133. ^ কার ঘরে শাহবাগ আন্দোলনের ফসল [Who did make success from Shahbag protest?]. banglanews24 (in Bengali). 8 March 2013. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  134. ^ শাহবাগ কি বিপ্লব [Is Shahbag a revolution?]. bdnews24.com (in Bengali). 21 February 2013. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  135. ^ "The trees and forests of projonmno chottor". The Daily Star. 18 March 2013. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  136. ^ "Give space to opposing voices". Prothom Alo (Opinion). Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  137. ^ a b "History as Ethical Remembrance: Dhaka University, Shaheed Minar and CP Gang's 'Bessha' Banner Part: I and II | Rahnuma Ahmed". www.newageislam.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  138. ^ "Asif Nazrul warned to shun talk-show or be killed". New Age. 27 December 2013. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  139. ^ "Bangladesh: Unique Opportunity for Justice for 1971 Atrocities | Human Rights Watch". 19 May 2011. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  140. ^ "Eight years of war crimes trials". Dhaka Tribune. 18 August 2018. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  141. ^ "Bangladesh hangs Jamaat-e-Islami leader for war crimes". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  142. ^ "Shoes hurled at hearse carrying Ghulam Azam's body". bdnews24.com. 25 October 2014. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  143. ^ "Return of the shoe". The Daily Star. 26 October 2014. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  144. ^ "Rajshahi AL leader in Dhaka hospital". bdnews24.com. 18 March 2013. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  145. ^ a b "The oath". The Daily Star. 9 February 2013. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  146. ^ "Diganta, Islamic TV off air". The Daily Star. 7 May 2013. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  147. ^ "Sahbag Google maps". Google Maps. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  148. ^ শাহবাগের সড়কগুলো বন্ধ কেন? [Why does the Shahbag road is blocked?]. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 18 March 2013. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  149. ^ "4011 3-minute silence observed". banglanews24.com. 12 February 2013. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013.
  150. ^ "Nation observes 3-minute silence Tuesday". banglanews24.com. 11 February 2013. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013.
  151. ^ "Shibir unleashes quick terror". The Daily Star. 13 February 2013. Archived from the original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  152. ^ Hasan, Rashidul (13 February 2013). "Anarchy, not rally". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  153. ^ "Bangladesh war crimes trial: Blogger killed, violence escalates". The First Post. 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  154. ^ "Shahbagh protesters vow to avenge blogger's killing". The Hindu. 16 February 2013. Archived from the original on 20 February 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  155. ^ "Grief turns into strength". The Daily Star. 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 20 February 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  156. ^ "Shahbagh protests: National flag hoisted, national anthem sung in city schools". The Independent. Dhaka. 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  157. ^ "Shahbagh campaigners announce new plan, to stage mass rally on Feb 21". The Independent. Dhaka. 18 February 2013. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  158. ^ "Shahbagh mass rally Feb 21". bdnews24. 18 February 2013. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  159. ^ "Shahbagh vigil calls for fighting Jamaat unitedly". The Independent. Dhaka. 19 February 2013. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  160. ^ "Islamic groups demand death penalty to Shahbagh bloggers". The Independent. Dhaka. 19 February 2013. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  161. ^ "Shahbagh activists to take movement to grassroots level". The Independent. Dhaka. 20 February 2013. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  162. ^ "Out with a new trick?". The Daily Star. 20 February 2013. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  163. ^ "Massive sabotage feared this month". bdnews24. 21 February 2013. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  164. ^ "Jamaat activists go berserk in capital". bdnews24. 22 February 2013. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  165. ^ "Four killed, over 250 hurt in violent clashes". The Independent. Dhaka. 22 February 2013. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  166. ^ "Jamaat activists' attack Sylhet Shaheed Minar". bdnews24. 22 February 2013. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  167. ^ "Shahbagh movement completes one month". bdnews24.com. 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2013_Shahbag_protests&oldid=1253474184"