16th century in philosophy

This is a timeline of philosophy in 16th century.

• 1517 – Martin Luther hammers his Ninety-five Theses to the door of a church in Wittenberg, Germany, an event which would mark the start of the Protestant Reformation.^[1]
• 1526 – In On the Causes of Natural Effects or On Incantations, Italian philosopher Pietro Pomponazzi argues that miracles produced by angels and demons can be instead explained by natural causes.^[2]
• 1540 – The Society of Jesus is founded by Ignatius of Loyola and his six companions, which would play an important role in the second revival of scholasticism.^[3][4]
• 1543 – Nicolaus Copernicus theorizes in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium that the earth revolves around the sun, challenging the Ptolemaic system.^[5]
• 1563 – The Council of Trent holds their final session, reaffirming thomist scholasticism as central to the Catholic theology, prompting significant debate between Protestants and Catholics.^[6]

• Adagia by Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus
• Discourse on Voluntary Servitude by Étienne de La Boétie
• Disputationes Metaphysicae by Francisco Suárez^[7]
• Institutes of the Christian Religion by John Calvin
• Dialoghi d'amore by Judah Leon Abrabanel^[8]
• The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli
• De revolutionibus orbium coelestium by Nicolaus Copernicus
• Tantrasamgraha by Nilakantha Somayaji

• 1504 – Janardan Swami, Indian Hindu scholar, statesman, poet, and saint.
• 1508 – Gemma Frisius, Dutch physician, mathematician, cartographer, philosopher, and instrument maker.
• 1511 – Tulsidas, Indian Hindu saint and poet.
• 1520 – Appayya Dikshita, Indian Hindu philosopher.
• 1528 – Pedro da Fonseca, Portuguese Jesuit philosopher and theologian.
• 1530 – Jean Bodin, French jurist and political philosopher.
• 1530 – Étienne de La Boétie, French judge, writer, and philosopher.
• 1533 – Michel de Montaigne, French philosopher.
• 1534 – Guru Ram Das, Sikh guru.
• 1541 – Uddharan Dutta Thakur, Indian philosopher and saint.
• 1540 – Madhusūdana Sarasvatī, Indian philosopher.
• 1544 – Dadu Dayal, Indian poet-saint religious reformer.
• 1548 – Francisco Suárez, Spanish priest, philosopher, and theologian.
• 1548 – Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, poet, alchemist, astronomer, cosmological theorist, and esotericist.
• 1548 – Raghuttama Tirtha, Indian philosopher, scholar, theologian, and saint.
• 1550 – Mian Mir, Pakistani Sufi Muslim saint.
• 1560 – Sheikh Muhammad, Indian Muslim saint-poet.
• 1561 – Francis Bacon, English philosopher and statesman.
• 1563 – Guru Arjan, Sikh guru.
• 1564 – Ahmad Sirhindi, Indian Islamic scholar, Hanafi jurist, and member of the Naqshbandī Sufi order.
• 1564 – Galileo Galilei, Italian polymath.
• 1571/72 – Mulla Sadra, Persian Twelver Shi'i Islamic mystic, philosopher, theologian, and ‘Ālim
• 1571 – Lakshmi Kumara Tatacharya, Indian Hindu saint and guru.
• 1574 – Robert Fludd, English Paracelsian physician.
• 1575 – Sabatino de Ursis, Italian Jesuit.
• 1575 – Jakob Böhme, German philosopher, Christian mystic, and Lutheran Protestant theologian.
• 1576 – Caspar Schoppe, German catholic controversialist and scholar.
• 1588 – Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher.
• 1588 – Marin Mersenne, French polymath.
• 1589 – John of St. Thomas, Portuguese Dominican friar, Thomist theologian, and professor of philosophy.

• 1508 – Keian Genju, Japanese Buddhist priest and Confucian scholar.
• 1512 – Alessandro Achillini, Italian philosopher and physician.
• 1517 – Marcus Musurus, Greek scholar and philosopher.
• 1518 – Kabir, Indian mystic poet and sant.
• 1529 – Wang Yangming, Chinese philosopher and general
• 1530 – Judah Leon Abravanel, Portuguese-Jewish, philosopher, physician, and poet.
• 1530 – Vallabha, Indian Hindu saint and philosopher.
• 1534 – Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Indian saint.
• 1535 – Thomas More, English politician, author, and philosopher.
• 1536 – Erasmus of Rotterdam, Dutch Catholic priest, theologian, educationalist, satirist, and philosopher.
• 1539 – Vyasatirtha, Hindu philosopher, scholar, polemicist, commentator, and poet.
• 1540 – Juan Luis Vives, Spanish humanist and scholar.
• 1541 – Jahnava Devi, Indian Hindu philosopher and saint.
• 1541 – Wang Gen, Chinese Neo-Confucian philosopher.
• 1542 – Ghyath al-Din Mansur Dashtaki, Iranian Islamic philosopher.
• 1546 – Francisco de Vitoria, Spanish philosopher.
• 1547 – Raghunatha Siromani, Indian philosopher and logician.
• 1548 – Pedro Ciruelo, Spanish scholar.
• 1552 – Guru Angad, Indian Sikh guru.
• 1555 – Gemma Frisius, Dutch physician, mathematician, cartographer, philosopher, and instrument maker.
• 1556 – Tullia d'Aragona, Italian poet, author, and philosopher.
• 1557 – Raghuvarya Tirtha, Indian Hindu philosopher, scholar, theologian and saint.
• 1558 – Juan de Celaya, Spanish scholar.
• 1560 – Melchor Cano, Spanish Scholastic theologian.
• 1563 – Étienne de La Boétie, French judge, writer, and philosopher.
• 1564 – Purandara Dasa, Indian composer, singer, Haridasa philosopher.
• 1564 – Rupa Goswami, Indian guru, poet, and philosopher.
• 1574 – Guru Amar Das, Indian Sikh guru.
• 1575 – Janardan Swami, Indian Hindu scholar, statesman, poet and saint.
• 1583 – Wang Ji, Chinese philosopher and writer.
• 1584 – Gerhard Dorn, Belgian philosopher, translator, alchemist, physician and bibliophile.
• 1588 – Luo Rufang, Chinese philosopher.
• 1588 – Bernardino Telesio, Italian philosopher and natural scientist.
• 1590 – Dirck Coornhert, Dutch writer, philosopher, translator, politician, theologian, and artist.
• 1593 – Appayya Dikshita, Hindu philosopher.
• 1596 – Raghuttama Tirtha, Indian philosopher, scholar,  theologian and saint.
• 1597 – Franciscus Patricius, Italian philosopher.

• List of centuries in philosophy
• Renaissance

• Henrik Lagerlund and Benjamin Hill (eds). Routledge Companion to Sixteenth Century Philosophy. Routledge. 2017. Google Books
• Constance Blackwell and Sachiko Kusukawa (eds). Philosophy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: Conversations with Aristotle. Ashgate Publishing. 1999. Routledge. 2016. Google Books.
• Richard H Popkin (ed). Philosophy of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. The Free Press. 1966. Google Books
• Henry Osborn Taylor. Philosophy and Science in the Sixteenth Century. Collier Books. 1962. (Thought and Expression in the Sixteenth Century, volume 5). Google Books
• Anthony Kenny. A New History of Western Philosophy. Clarendon Press. Oxford. 2010. Part Three. Chapter 1. A New History of Western Philosophy. Clarendon Press. Oxford. 2006. Volume 3 (The Rise of Modern Philosophy). Chapter 1
• Lucien Paul Victor Febvre. The Problem of Unbelief in the Sixteenth Century: The Religion of Rabelais. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. London. 1982. Chapter 10. Pages 354 et seq. Translated by Beatrice Gottlieb from Le probleme de l'incroyance au XVI siecle: la religion de Rabelais, Editions Albin Michel, 1942, 1968.
• "Philosophy in sixteenth-century Portugal" in "Brazil, Philosophy in". Edward Craig (ed). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. 1998. Volume 2. Pages 7 and 8.
• Junmai Zhang. Wang Yang-ming: Idealist Philosopher of Sixteenth Century China. St. John's University Press. 1962. Google Books