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[[File:Charles_Ives_grad_photo.jpg|thumb|Charles Ives' graduation portrait from Yale University, {{circa|June 1898}}]]
'''''Variations on "America"''''', is a composition for [[organ (music)|organ]] by the [[United States|American]] composer [[Charles Ives]].
'''''Variations on "America"''''' is a composition for [[organ (music)|organ]] by the American composer [[Charles Ives]].


==Composition==
Composed in 1891 when Ives was seventeen, is an arrangement of a traditional tune, known as "[[My Country, 'Tis of Thee]]" (words by [[Samuel Francis Smith]]), and at the time the [[de facto]] anthem of the [[United States]]. The tune is also widely recognised in [[Thomas Arne]]'s orchestration as the [[British National Anthem]], "God Save the Queen", and in the former anthems of Russia ("[[The Prayer of the Russians]]", from 1816 to 1833), Switzerland ("[[Rufst du, mein Vaterland]]", until 1961), and Germany ("[[Heil dir im Siegerkranz]]", from 1871 to 1918), as well as being the current national anthem of Liechtenstein ("[[Oben am jungen Rhein]]") and [[Kongesangen|royal anthem of Norway]]. Ives prepared it for a [[Fourth of July]] celebration in 1892 at the Methodist church where he was organist in [[Brewster, New York]]. He performed it for the first time on February 17, 1892, and made revisions to the work until 1894.
Composed in 1891 when Ives was seventeen, it is an arrangement of a traditional tune, known as "[[America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)]]" (words by [[Samuel Francis Smith]]), and was at the time the [[de facto]] anthem of the United States. The tune is also widely recognised in [[Thomas Arne]]'s orchestration as the [[British National Anthem]], "God Save the King", and in the former anthems of Russia ("[[The Prayer of Russians]]", from 1816 to 1833), Switzerland ("[[Rufst du, mein Vaterland]]", until 1961), and Germany ("[[Heil dir im Siegerkranz]]", from 1871 to 1918), as well as being the current national anthem of Liechtenstein ("[[Oben am jungen Rhein]]") and the royal anthem of Norway, "[[Kongesangen]]".


Ives prepared it for a [[Fourth of July]] celebration in 1892 at the Methodist church where he was organist in [[Brewster, New York]]. He performed it for the first time on February 17, 1892, and made revisions to the work until 1894. Although the piece is considered challenging even by modern concert organists{{According to whom|date=June 2022}}, he spoke of playing the pedal work in the final variation as being "almost as much fun as playing [[baseball]]".<ref>{{cite book|title=Selected Correspondence of Charles Ives|author=Charles Ives|editor=Tom Owens|publisher=University of California Press|year=2007|page=338|isbn=9780520932289|url=https://www.ucpress.edu/ebook.php?isbn=9780520932289}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mydigitalpublication.com/publication/?i=274207&article_id=2281647&view=articleBrowser&ver=html5 |title=Charles Ives' Music |last=Symphony |first=Houston |date=October 1, 2015 |website=www.mydigitalpublication.com |publisher= |access-date=June 23, 2022 |quote=As a precocious teenaged organist, Ives composed a set of variations on "My Country, 'Tis of Thee," and he said his concluding burst of fancy footowrk on the organ pedals was "almost as much fun as playing baseball."}}</ref>
⚫
It went unpublished until 1949, when the organist [[E. Power Biggs]] rediscovered it, and prepared an edition for publication. He incorporated it into his repertoire, and it became a regularly performed piece by American organists. In 1962 it was orchestrated by [[William Schuman]], and premiered in this version by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Andre Kostelanetz]] in 1964. The Schuman orchestration formed the basis of a [[wind band]] version by William E. Rhoads, published in 1968.<ref>Elkus, Jonathan (2007) Liner notes to Naxos 8.570559</ref>

⚫
It went unpublished until 1949, when the organist [[E. Power Biggs]] rediscovered it, and prepared an edition for publication. He incorporated it into his repertoire, and it became a regularly performed piece by American organists. In 1962 it was orchestrated by [[William Schuman]], and premiered in this version by the [[New York Philharmonic]] under [[Andre Kostelanetz]] in 1964. The Schuman orchestration formed the basis of a [[wind band]] version by William E. Rhoads, published in 1968.<ref>[[Jonathan Elkus|Elkus, Jonathan]] (2007) [https://www.naxos.com/mainsite/blurbs_reviews.asp?item_code=8.570559&catNum=570559&filetype=About this Recording&language=English Liner notes] to [https://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=8.570559 Naxos 8.570559]</ref>


==Structure==
==Structure==
Line 17: Line 21:
#Coda
#Coda


The interludes are the first notated use of bitonality:{{Clarify|date=August 2015}}<!--Surely this means "first occurrence in Ives's work, since Biber notated polytonality already in the 17th century and Mozart in the 18th.--> the first combines F major for the right hand and D flat major for the left hand and pedals, whilst the second combines A flat major and F major.
The interludes are Ives's first notated use of [[Polytonality|bitonality]]: the first combines F major for the right hand and D-flat major for the left hand and pedals, whilst the second combines A-flat major and F major.


Ives' biographer Jan Swafford notes that whilst it might be tempting to hear ''Variations on "America"'' as a satire, the probability is that Ives meant the work as a sincere exercise in variations for organ. He adds that whilst Ives was capable of musical jokes, they are usually considerably broader than here.<ref>Swafford, Jan (1996) ''Charles Ives: A Life with Music'', Norton. p.65</ref> Ives was not deaf to its comic potential however: he later noted that his father "didn't let me do it much, as it made the boys laugh" in church.<ref>Ives, Charles (1973) ''Memos'', ed. Kirkpatrick, Calder & Boyars. p. 115</ref>
Ives' biographer [[Jan Swafford]] notes that whilst it might be tempting to hear ''Variations on "America"'' as a satire, the probability is that Ives meant the work as a sincere exercise in variations for organ. He adds that whilst Ives was capable of musical jokes, they are usually considerably broader than here.<ref>[[Jan Swafford|Swafford, Jan]] (1996) ''Charles Ives: A Life with Music'', Norton. p. 65</ref> Ives was not deaf to its comic potential however: he later noted that his father "didn't let me do it much, as it made the boys laugh" in church.<ref>Ives, Charles (1973) ''Memos'', ed. Kirkpatrick, Calder & Boyars. p. 115</ref>


==Recordings==
==Recordings==
Recordings of Ives' original piece have been made by several organists, including [[E. Power Biggs]] (CBS) and [[Simon Preston]] (Argo). Recordings of Schuman's orchestration have included performances conducted by [[Eugene Ormandy]], (CBS/Sony), [[Morton Gould]] (RCA), [[Arthur Fiedler]] (Decca) and [[Jose Serebrier]] (Naxos).
Recordings of Ives' original piece have been made by several organists, including [[E. Power Biggs]] (CBS) and [[Simon Preston]] (Argo). Recordings of Schuman's orchestration have included performances conducted by [[Eugene Ormandy]], (CBS/Sony), [[Morton Gould]] (RCA), [[Arthur Fiedler]] (Decca) and [[José Serebrier]] (Naxos).


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|-UZq09F9RR4|''Variations on "America"'' (1891) – E. Power Biggs}}

{{Charles Ives}}
{{Portal bar|Classical music}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Variations on America}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Variations on America}}
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[[Category:Compositions by Charles Ives]]
[[Category:1891 compositions]]
[[Category:1891 compositions]]
[[Category:Articles with quotation marks in the title]]
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[[Category:Compositions by Charles Ives]]
[[Category:Compositions for organ]]
[[Category:Compositions for organ]]
[[Category:Variations]]
[[Category:Compositions in F major]]
[[Category:Polytonality]]
[[Category:Variations|America]]

Latest revision as of 03:53, 27 December 2023

Charles Ives' graduation portrait from Yale University, c. June 1898

Variations on "America" is a composition for organ by the American composer Charles Ives.

Composition

[edit]

Composed in 1891 when Ives was seventeen, it is an arrangement of a traditional tune, known as "America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)" (words by Samuel Francis Smith), and was at the time the de facto anthem of the United States. The tune is also widely recognised in Thomas Arne's orchestration as the British National Anthem, "God Save the King", and in the former anthems of Russia ("The Prayer of Russians", from 1816 to 1833), Switzerland ("Rufst du, mein Vaterland", until 1961), and Germany ("Heil dir im Siegerkranz", from 1871 to 1918), as well as being the current national anthem of Liechtenstein ("Oben am jungen Rhein") and the royal anthem of Norway, "Kongesangen".

Ives prepared it for a Fourth of July celebration in 1892 at the Methodist church where he was organist in Brewster, New York. He performed it for the first time on February 17, 1892, and made revisions to the work until 1894. Although the piece is considered challenging even by modern concert organists[according to whom?], he spoke of playing the pedal work in the final variation as being "almost as much fun as playing baseball".[1][2]

It went unpublished until 1949, when the organist E. Power Biggs rediscovered it, and prepared an edition for publication. He incorporated it into his repertoire, and it became a regularly performed piece by American organists. In 1962 it was orchestrated by William Schuman, and premiered in this version by the New York Philharmonic under Andre Kostelanetz in 1964. The Schuman orchestration formed the basis of a wind band version by William E. Rhoads, published in 1968.[3]

Structure

[edit]
  1. Introduction and Theme
  2. Variation I
  3. Variation II
  4. Interlude I
  5. Variation III
  6. Variation IV
  7. Interlude II
  8. Variation V
  9. Coda

The interludes are Ives's first notated use of bitonality: the first combines F major for the right hand and D-flat major for the left hand and pedals, whilst the second combines A-flat major and F major.

Ives' biographer Jan Swafford notes that whilst it might be tempting to hear Variations on "America" as a satire, the probability is that Ives meant the work as a sincere exercise in variations for organ. He adds that whilst Ives was capable of musical jokes, they are usually considerably broader than here.[4] Ives was not deaf to its comic potential however: he later noted that his father "didn't let me do it much, as it made the boys laugh" in church.[5]

Recordings

[edit]

Recordings of Ives' original piece have been made by several organists, including E. Power Biggs (CBS) and Simon Preston (Argo). Recordings of Schuman's orchestration have included performances conducted by Eugene Ormandy, (CBS/Sony), Morton Gould (RCA), Arthur Fiedler (Decca) and José Serebrier (Naxos).

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Charles Ives (2007). Tom Owens (ed.). Selected Correspondence of Charles Ives. University of California Press. p. 338. ISBN 9780520932289.
  2. ^ Symphony, Houston (October 1, 2015). "Charles Ives' Music". www.mydigitalpublication.com. Retrieved June 23, 2022. As a precocious teenaged organist, Ives composed a set of variations on "My Country, 'Tis of Thee," and he said his concluding burst of fancy footowrk on the organ pedals was "almost as much fun as playing baseball."
  3. ^ Elkus, Jonathan (2007) this Recording&language=English Liner notes to Naxos 8.570559
  4. ^ Swafford, Jan (1996) Charles Ives: A Life with Music, Norton. p. 65
  5. ^ Ives, Charles (1973) Memos, ed. Kirkpatrick, Calder & Boyars. p. 115
[edit]
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