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{{Infobox element
{{Infobox element
|symbol =Er
|number=68
|Z =68
|symbol=Er
|number =68
|name=erbium
|name =erbium
|abundance=
|abundance=
|abundance in earth's crust=
|abundance in earth's crust=
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|above=–
|above=–
|below=[[fermium|Fm]]
|below=[[fermium|Fm]]
|image name=Erbium (68 Er).jpg
|period=6
|block=f
|image name=Erbium-crop.jpg
|image upright=0.75
|image upright=0.75
|appearance=silvery white
|appearance=silvery white
|electron configuration=&#91;[[xenon|Xe]]&#93; 4f<sup>12</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup>
|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2
|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2
|phase=
|phase=
|density=9.065&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>&thinsp;<ref name="Arblaster 2018" />
|density gpcm3nrt=9.066
|density conditions=(at&nbsp;20°&nbsp;C)
|density gpcm3mp=8.86
|density gpcm3mp=8.86
|melting point K=1802
|melting point K=1802
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|vapor pressure comment=
|vapor pressure comment=
|crystal structure=hexagonal close packed
|crystal structure=hexagonal close packed
|crystal structure Pearson symbol=hP2
|oxidation states='''3''', 2, 1
|lattice constants=''a''&nbsp;=&nbsp;355.93&nbsp;pm<br />''c''&nbsp;=&nbsp;558.49&nbsp;pm (at&nbsp;20&nbsp;°C)<ref name="Arblaster 2018">{{cite book |last=Arblaster |first= John W. |title=Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements |publisher=ASM International |publication-place=Materials Park, Ohio |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-62708-155-9}}</ref>
|oxidation states comment=(a&nbsp;[[base (chemistry)|basic]] oxide)
|electronegativity=1.24
|electronegativity=1.24
|number of ionization energies=3
|number of ionization energies=3
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|thermal expansion comment=({{abbr|r.t.|room temperature}})
|thermal expansion comment=({{abbr|r.t.|room temperature}})
|speed of sound rod at 20=2830
|speed of sound rod at 20=2830
|magnetic susceptibility= +44,300.00·10<sup>−6</sup>
|magnetic susceptibility= {{val|+44,300.00|e=−6}}
|magnetic susceptibility ref= <ref>{{Cite book|title=CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|last=Weast|first=Robert|publisher=Chemical Rubber Company Publishing|year=1984|isbn=0-8493-0464-4|location=Boca Raton, Florida|pages=E110|quote=|via=}}</ref>
|magnetic susceptibility ref= <ref>{{Cite book|title=CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|last=Weast|first=Robert|publisher=Chemical Rubber Company Publishing|year=1984|isbn=0-8493-0464-4|location=Boca Raton, Florida|pages=E110}}</ref>
|Young's modulus=69.9
|Young's modulus=69.9
|Shear modulus=28.3
|Shear modulus=28.3
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|Brinell hardness=600–1070
|Brinell hardness=600–1070
|CAS number=7440-52-0
|CAS number=7440-52-0
|isotopes=
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=160 | sym=Er
|na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=28.58&nbsp;h
|dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=0.330 | link1=holmium-160 | pn=160 | ps=Ho}}
{{infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=162 | sym=Er | na=0.139% | n=94 |firstlinks=yes}}
{{infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=164 | sym=Er | na=1.601% | n=96 |firstlinks=no}}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=165 | sym=Er
|na=syn | hl=10.36&nbsp;h
|dm=ε | de=0.376 | link1=holmium-165 | pn=165 | ps=Ho}}
{{infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=166 | sym=Er | na=33.503% | n=98 |firstlinks=no}}
{{infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=167 | sym=Er | na=22.869% | n=99 |firstlinks=no}}
{{infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=168 | sym=Er | na=26.978% | n=100 |firstlinks=no}}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=169 | sym=Er
|na=syn | hl=9.4&nbsp;d
|dm=[[beta emission|β<sup>−</sup>]] | de=0.351 | link1=thulium-169 | pn=169 | ps=Tm}}
{{infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=170 | sym=Er | na=14.910% | n=102 |firstlinks=no}}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=171 | sym=Er
|na=syn | hl=7.516&nbsp;h
|dm=β<sup>−</sup> | de=1.490 | link1=thulium-171 | pn=171 | ps=Tm}}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=172 | sym=Er
|na=syn | hl=49.3&nbsp;h
|dm=β<sup>−</sup> | de=0.891 | link1=thulium-172 | pn=172 | ps=Tm}}
|isotopes comment=
|naming=after [[Ytterby]] (Sweden), where it was mined
|naming=after [[Ytterby]] (Sweden), where it was mined
|discovered by=[[Carl Gustaf Mosander]]
|discovered by=[[Carl Gustaf Mosander]]

Latest revision as of 15:22, 22 September 2024

Erbium, 68Er
Erbium
Pronunciation/ˈɜːrbiəm/ (UR-bee-əm)
Appearancesilvery white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Er)
Erbium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson


Er

Fm
holmiumerbiumthulium
Atomic number (Z)68
Groupf-block groups (no number)
Periodperiod 6
Block  f-block
Electron configuration[Xe] 4f12 6s2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point1802 K ​(1529 °C, ​2784 °F)
Boiling point3141 K ​(2868 °C, ​5194 °F)
Density (at 20° C)9.065 g/cm3[3]
when liquid (at m.p.)8.86 g/cm3
Heat of fusion19.90 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization280 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity28.12 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1504 1663 (1885) (2163) (2552) (3132)
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: +3
0,[4] +1,? +2?
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.24
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 589.3 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1150 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2194 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 176 pm
Covalent radius189±6 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of erbium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structurehexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2)
Lattice constants
Hexagonal close packed crystal structure for erbium
a = 355.93 pm
c = 558.49 pm (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal expansionpoly: 12.2 µm/(m⋅K) (r.t.)
Thermal conductivity14.5 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivitypoly: 0.860 µΩ⋅m (r.t.)
Magnetic orderingparamagnetic at 300 K
Molar magnetic susceptibility+44300.00×10−6 cm3/mol[5]
Young's modulus69.9 GPa
Shear modulus28.3 GPa
Bulk modulus44.4 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod2830 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio0.237
Vickers hardness430–700 MPa
Brinell hardness600–1070 MPa
CAS Number7440-52-0
History
Namingafter Ytterby (Sweden), where it was mined
DiscoveryCarl Gustaf Mosander (1843)
Isotopes of erbium
Main isotopes[6] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
160Er synth 28.58 h ε 160Ho
162Er 0.139% stable
164Er 1.60% stable
165Er synth 10.36 h ε 165Ho
166Er 33.5% stable
167Er 22.9% stable
168Er 27.0% stable
169Er synth 9.4 d β 169Tm
170Er 14.9% stable
171Er synth 7.516 h β 171Tm
172Er synth 49.3 h β 172Tm
 Category: Erbium
| references
Er · Erbium
Ho ←

ibox Ho

iso
68
Er  [e]
IB-Er [e]
IBisos [e]
→ Tm

ibox Tm

indexes by PT (page)
child table, as reused in {IB-Er}
Main isotopes of erbium
Main isotopes[6] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
160Er synth 28.58 h ε 160Ho
162Er 0.139% stable
164Er 1.60% stable
165Er synth 10.36 h ε 165Ho
166Er 33.5% stable
167Er 22.9% stable
168Er 27.0% stable
169Er synth 9.4 d β 169Tm
170Er 14.9% stable
171Er synth 7.516 h β 171Tm
172Er synth 49.3 h β 172Tm
Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
Top image (caption, alt)
Pronunciation
Allotropes (overview)
Group (overview)
Period (overview)
Block (overview)
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight
  most stable isotope
Wikidata
Wikidata *
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01)
See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (46) · (this table: )

References

  1. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Erbium". CIAAW. 1999.
  2. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  3. ^ a b Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
  4. ^ Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
  5. ^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
  6. ^ a b Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.