Lead zirconate titanate: Difference between revisions

| verifiedrevid = 430332839

| ImageFile = Perovskite.svg

| IUPACName = Lead zirconium titanate

| OtherNames = Lead zirconium titanate

|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers

| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}

| EC_number = 235-727-4

| SMILES = [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4].[Zr+4].[Pb+2]

| StdInChI=1S/5O.Pb.Ti.Zr/q5*-2;+2;2*+4

| StdInChIKey = HFGPZNIAWCZYJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N

}}

|Section2={{Chembox Properties

| Formula = {{chem2|Pb[Zr_{''x''}Ti_{1−''x''}]O3}} {{nobr|(0 ≤ ''x'' ≤ 1)}}

|Section3={{Chembox Hazards

| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}{{GHS08}}{{GHS09}}

| GHSSignalWord = Danger

| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|302|332|360|373|410}}

| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|201|202|260|261|264|270|271|273|281|301+312|304+312|304+340|308+313|312|314|330|391|405|501}}

| AutoignitionPt = }}

'''Lead zirconate titanate''', also called '''lead zirconium titanate''' and commonly abbreviated as '''PZT''', is an [[inorganic compound]] with the [[chemical formula]] {{chem2|Pb[Zr_{''x''}Ti_{1−''x''}]O3}} {{nobr|(0 ≤ ''x'' ≤ 1).}}. It is a ceramic [[perovskite (structure)|perovskite]] material that shows a marked [[piezoelectricity|piezoelectric effect]], meaning that the compound changes shape when an electric field is applied. It is used in a number of practical applications such as [[ultrasonic transducer]]s and [[Crystal oscillator|piezoelectric resonators]]. It is a white to off-white solid.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/14356007.a10_309.pub2 |chapter=Ferroelectrics |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |date=2016 |last1=Gregg |first1=J. Marty |last2=Unruh |first2=Hans-Günther |pages=1–26 |isbn=978-3-527-30385-4 }}</ref>

Lead zirconium titanate was first developed around 1952 at the [[Tokyo Institute of Technology]]. Compared to [[barium titanate]], a previously discovered metallic-oxide-based [[Piezoelectricity|piezoelectric]] material, lead zirconium titanate exhibits greater sensitivity and has a higher operating temperature. Piezoelectric ceramics are chosen for applications because of their physical strength, chemical inertness and their relatively low manufacturing cost. PZT ceramic is the most commonly used piezoelectric ceramic because it has an even greater sensitivity and higher operating temperature than other piezoceramics.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.americanpiezo.com/piezo-theory/pzt.html |title=What is "Lead zirconium titanate"? |website= americanpiezo.com |publisher= APC International |access-date=April 29, 2021}}</ref> Recently, there has been a large push towards finding alternatives to PZT due to legislations in many countries restricting the use of lead alloys and compounds in commercial products.

==Electroceramic properties==

Being piezoelectric, lead zirconate titanate develops a [[voltage]] (or potential difference) across two of its faces when compressed (useful for sensor applications), and physically changes shape when an external electric field is applied (useful for actuator applications).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=C. |first1=Steinem |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B0123693977005562 |title=Encyclopedia of Analytical Science |last2=A. |first2=Janshoff |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-12-369397-6 |edition=2nd |pages=269–276 |language=en |doi=10.1016/B0-12-369397-7/00556-2}}</ref> The [[relative permittivity]] of lead zirconate titanate can range from 300 to 20000, depending upon orientation and doping.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumari |first1=Nitu |last2=Monga |first2=Shagun |last3=Arif |first3=Mohd. |last4=Sharma |first4=Neeraj |last5=Singh |first5=Arun |last6=Gupta |first6=Vinay |last7=Vilarinho |first7=Paula M. |last8=Sreenivas |first8=K. |last9=Katiyar |first9=R.S. |date=2019-01-30 |title=Higher permittivity of Ni-doped lead zirconate titanate, Pb[(Zr0.52Ti0.48)(1-x) Nix]O3, ceramics |journal=Ceramics International |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=4398–4407 |doi=10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.11.117|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Being [[pyroelectric]], this material develops a voltage difference across two of its faces under changing temperature conditions; consequently, lead zirconate titanate can be used as a heat sensor.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=F. |first1=Wudy |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780444527455000794 |title=Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources |last2=C. |first2=Stock |last3=H.J. |first3=Gores |publisher=[[Elsevier Science]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-444-52745-5 |pages=660–672 |language=en |chapter=MEASUREMENT METHODS {{!}} Electrochemical: Quartz Microbalance |doi=10.1016/B978-044452745-5.00079-4}}</ref> Lead zirconate titanate is also [[ferroelectricity|ferroelectric]], which means that it has a spontaneous [[Polarization density|electric polarization]] ([[Electric dipole moment|electric dipole]]) that can be reversed in the presence of an electric field.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Pérez-Tomás |first1=Amador |title=Metal Oxides in Photovoltaics: All-Oxide, Ferroic, and Perovskite Solar Cells |date=2018 |work=The Future of Semiconductor Oxides in Next-Generation Solar Cells |pages=267–356 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128111659000089 |access-date=2024-04-29 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-811165-9.00008-9 |isbn=978-0-12-811165-9 |last2=Mingorance |first2=Alba |last3=Tanenbaum |first3=David |last4=Lira-Cantú |first4=Mónica}}</ref>

The material features an extremely large [[relative permittivity]] at the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) near ''x''&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.52.<ref name=Rouquette2004>{{cite journal |last1=Rouquette |first1=J. |last2=Haines |first2=J. |last3=Bornand |first3=V. |last4=Pintard |first4=M. |last5=Papet |first5=Ph |last6=Bousquet |first6=C. |last7=Konczewicz |first7=L. |last8=Gorelli |first8=F. A. |last9=Hull |first9=S. |title=Pressure tuning of the morphotropic phase boundary in piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate |year=2004 |journal=[[Physical Review B]] |volume=70 |issue=1 |page=014108 |doi= 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.014108 |bibcode=2004PhRvB..70a4108R }}</ref>

Some formulations are [[Ohm's law|ohmic]] until at least {{val|250|u=kV|up=cm}} ({{val|25|u=MV|up=m}}), after which current grows exponentially with field strength before reaching [[avalanche breakdown]]; but lead zirconate titanate exhibits time-dependent dielectric breakdown — breakdown may occur under constant-voltage stress after minutes or hours, depending on voltage and temperature, so its dielectric strength depends on the time scale over which it is measured.<ref>{{cite journal

| title = Electrical Characteristics of Ferroelectric Lead zirconate titanate Thin Films for DRAM Applications

| last1 = Moazzami | first1 = Reza |first2=Chenming |last2=Hu |first3=William H. |last3=Shepherd

| journal = IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices

| date=September 1992

| volume = 39 | issue = 9 | page = 2044

| url = http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~hu/PUBLICATIONS/Hu_papers/Hu_JNL/HuC_JNL_114.pdf | doi=10.1109/16.155876

}}</ref> Other formulations have dielectric strengths measured in the {{val|8|-|16|u=MV|up=m}} range.<ref>{{cite journal

| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237514139

| title = Performance of Piezoelectric Ceramic Multilayer Components Based on Hard and Soft Lead zirconate titanate

| first1= B. |last1= Andersen| first2= E. |last2= Ringgaard| first3= T. |last3= Bove| first4= A. |last4= Albareda| first5= R. | last5= Pérez

| journal = Proceedings of Actuator 2000

| year = 2000

| pages = 419–422

}}</ref>

==Uses==

[[File:Maxim-1-HydrophonPZTinGehäuse.JPG|thumb|200px|Lead zirconate titanate ultrasound transducer]]

Lead zirconate titanate-based materials are components of [[ceramic]] [[capacitor]]s and [[scanning tunneling microscope|STM]]/[[Atomic force microscopy|AFM]] actuators (tubes).

Lead zirconate titanate is used to make [[ultrasound]] [[transducer]]s and other [[sensor]]s and [[actuator]]s, as well as high-value ceramic [[capacitor]]s and [[Ferroelectric RAM|FRAM]] chips. Lead zirconate titanate is also used in the manufacture of [[ceramic resonator]]s for reference timing in electronic circuitry. Anti-flash goggles featuring PLZT protect aircrew from burns and blindness in case of a nuclear explosion.<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=J. Thomas |last1=Cutchen |first2=James O. Jr.|last2=Harris |first3=George R. |last3=Laguna |title= PLZT electrooptic shutters: applications |journal=[[Applied Optics]] |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=1866&ndash;1873 |year=1975 |url= http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-14-8-1866 |doi=10.1364/AO.14.001866|pmid=20154933 |bibcode=1975ApOpt..14.1866C |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The PLZT lenses could turn opaque in less than 150 microseconds.

Commercially, it is usually not used in its pure form, rather it is [[Doping (semiconductor)|doped]] with either acceptors, which create oxygen (anion) vacancies, or donors, which create metal (cation) vacancies and facilitate domain wall motion in the material. In general, acceptor doping creates ''hard'' lead zirconate titanate, while donor doping creates ''soft'' lead zirconate titanate. Hard and soft lead zirconate titanate generally differ in their piezoelectric constants. Piezoelectric constants are proportional to the polarization or to the electrical field generated per unit of mechanical stress, or alternatively is the mechanical strain produced by per unit of electric field applied. In general, ''soft'' lead zirconate titanate has a higher piezoelectric constant, but larger losses in the material due to [[internal friction]]. In ''hard'' lead zirconate titanate, domain wall motion is pinned by the impurities, thereby lowering the losses in the material, but at the expense of a reduced piezoelectric constant.

==Varieties==

One of the commonly studied chemical composition is {{chem2|PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3}}. The increased piezoelectric response and poling efficiency near to ''x''&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.52 is due to the increased number of allowable domain states at the MPB. At this boundary, the 6 possible domain states from the tetragonal phase [[Miller index#Case of cubic structures|⟨100⟩]] and the 8 possible domain states from the rhombohedral phase [[Miller index#Case of cubic structures|⟨111⟩]] are equally favorable energetically, thereby allowing a maximum 14 possible domain states.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=R. Gowri Shankar |last2=Kanagathara |first2=N. |year=2015 |title=Lead Zirconate Titanate: A Piezo electric material |url=https://www.jocpr.com/articles/lead-zirconate-titanate-a-piezo-electric-material.pdf |journal=Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=921–923 |issn=0975-7384}}</ref>

Like structurally similar [[lead scandium tantalate]] and [[barium strontium titanate]], lead zirconate titanate can be used for manufacture of uncooled [[staring array]] [[infrared imaging]] sensors for [[thermographic camera]]s. Both [[thin film]] (usually obtained by [[chemical vapor deposition]]) and bulk structures are used. The formula of the material used usually approaches {{chem2|Pb1.1(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3}} (called lead zirconate titanate 30/70). Its properties may be modified by doping it with [[lanthanum]], resulting in '''lanthanum-doped lead zirconium titanate''' ('''lead zirconate titanate''', also called '''lead lanthanum zirconium titanate'''), with formula {{chem2|Pb0.83La0.17(Zr0.3Ti0.7)0.9575O3}} (lead zirconate titanate 17/30/70).<ref name=Liu2000>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=W. |last2=Jiang |first2=B. |last3=Zhu |first3=W. |title=Self-biased dielectric bolometer from epitaxially grown Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ and lanthanum-doped Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ multilayered thin films |journal=[[Applied Physics Letters]] |volume=77 |issue=7 |pages=1047–1049 |year=2000 |doi=10.1063/1.1289064|bibcode=2000ApPhL..77.1047L }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kabra |first1=Hemangi |last2=Deore |first2=H.A. |last3=Pati |first3=Pranita |year=2019 |title=Review on Advanced Piezoelectric Materials (BaTiO3, PZT) |url=https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIRBB06181.pdf |journal=Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research |volume=6 |issue=4 |issn=2349-5162}}</ref>

* [[Polyvinylidene fluoride]] (PVDF)

* [[Lithium niobate]]

*[http://www.efunda.com/materials/piezo/material_data/matdata_output.cfm?Material_ID=Lead zirconate titanate-5A Lead zirconium titanate Material properties]

{{Lead compounds}}

{{Titanium compounds}}

{{Zirconium compounds}}

[[Category:Lead(II) compounds]]

[[Category:Perovskites]]