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{{Short description|Toll on the use of the Øresund}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{expand Danish|date=June 2023|topic=hist}}

[[File:Karte der Umgebung von Kopenhagen.jpg|thumb|240px|Map of the Danish coast line to the west, and the Swedish coast line to the east. From 1888.]]
[[File:Karte der Umgebung von Kopenhagen.jpg|thumb|240px|Map of the Danish coast line to the west, and the Swedish coast line to the east. From 1888.]]
The '''Sound Dues''' (or '''Sound Tolls'''; {{langx|da|Øresundstolden}}) were a [[tariff|toll]] on the use of the [[Øresund]], or "Sound" strait separating the modern day borders of Denmark and Sweden. The tolls constituted up to two thirds of [[Denmark]]'s state income in the 16th and 17th centuries. The dues were introduced by King [[Eric of Pomerania]] in 1429 and remained in effect until the [[Copenhagen Convention of 1857]] (with the sole exception of Swedish ships between 1660 and 1712). Tolls in the Great Belt had been collected by the [[Monarchy of Denmark|Danish Crown]] at least a century prior to the establishment of the dues by Eric of Pomerania.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.17077/etd.ci6dkkhl|doi = 10.17077/etd.ci6dkkhl|title = History of Danish-American diplomacy 1776-1920|year = 1921|last1 = Fogdall|first1 = Soren Jacob Marius Petersen}}</ref>
The '''Sound Dues''' (or '''Sound Tolls'''; {{lang-da|Øresundstolden}}) were a [[tariff|toll]] on the use of the [[Øresund]], or "Sound" strait separating the modern day borders of Denmark and Sweden. The tolls constituted up to two thirds of [[Denmark]]'s state income in the 16th and 17th centuries. The dues were introduced by King [[Eric of Pomerania]] in 1429 and remained in effect until the Copenhagen Convention of 1857 (with the sole exception of Swedish ships between 1660 and 1712). Tolls in the Great Belt had been collected by the [[Monarchy of Denmark|Danish Crown]] at least a century prior to the establishment of the dues by Eric of Pomerania.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.17077/etd.ci6dkkhl|doi = 10.17077/etd.ci6dkkhl|title = History of Danish-American diplomacy 1776-1920|year = 1921|last1 = Fogdall|first1 = Soren Jacob Marius Petersen}}</ref>

==History==
==History==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2022}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2022}}
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In 1658, Denmark-Norway had to cede her provinces east of the sound ([[Scania]], [[Halland]], [[Blekinge]], [[Bohuslän]], and the island of [[Ven, Sweden|Ven]]) to Sweden as a consequence of the [[Second Northern War]]. Thus, the toll could not be enforced as well as before but Denmark-Norway retained its established right of the dues. Swedish shipping became exempt from the Sound Dues by the terms of the [[Treaty of Copenhagen (1660)|Treaty of Copenhagen]], signed on 27 May 1660. The exemption was withdrawn after Sweden's defeat in the [[Great Northern War]] and the [[Treaty of Frederiksborg]] of 1720, although the eastern shore of the Sound was now Swedish.
In 1658, Denmark-Norway had to cede her provinces east of the sound ([[Scania]], [[Halland]], [[Blekinge]], [[Bohuslän]], and the island of [[Ven, Sweden|Ven]]) to Sweden as a consequence of the [[Second Northern War]]. Thus, the toll could not be enforced as well as before but Denmark-Norway retained its established right of the dues. Swedish shipping became exempt from the Sound Dues by the terms of the [[Treaty of Copenhagen (1660)|Treaty of Copenhagen]], signed on 27 May 1660. The exemption was withdrawn after Sweden's defeat in the [[Great Northern War]] and the [[Treaty of Frederiksborg]] of 1720, although the eastern shore of the Sound was now Swedish.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Ships passing through
the Sound<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lockhart |first=Paul |title=FREDERIK II AND THE PROTESTANT CAUSE |publisher=Brill |year=2004 |location=Boston |pages=24}}</ref>
|-
|1479
|795
|-
|1537
|1897
|-
|1560
|2731
|-
|1581
|4262
|-
|1583
|5400
|}
==Copenhagen Convention==
==Copenhagen Convention==
{{main|Copenhagen Convention of 1857}}
{{main|Copenhagen Convention of 1857}}
The Copenhagen Convention,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hj1391;view=1up;seq=60|title = British and foreign state papers. V.47 (1856-1857)}}</ref> which came into force on 14 March 1857,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/csi/act/russia/legalpro6.htm |title=Legal provision: maritime law |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> abolished the dues and all [[Danish straits]] were made [[international waters|international waterways]] free to all commercial shipping.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Law of the Sea Institute |title=The Law of the Sea in the 1980s |publisher=Law of the Sea Institute |year=1983 |location=University of Virginia |pages=600–619}}</ref>
The Copenhagen Convention,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hj1391;view=1up;seq=60|title = British and foreign state papers. V.47 (1856-1857)}}</ref> which came into force on 14 March 1857,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/csi/act/russia/legalpro6.htm |title=Legal provision: maritime law |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> abolished the dues and all [[Danish straits]] were made [[international waters|international waterways]] free to all commercial shipping. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Law of the Sea Institute |title=The Law of the Sea in the 1980s |publisher=Law of the Sea Institute |year=1983 |location=University of Virginia |pages=600–619}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Skibsklarerergaarden]]
* [[Skibsklarerergaarden]]
* Sound Toll Registers Online (STR) : http://dietrich.soundtoll.nl/public/


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Toll (fee)]]
[[Category:Toll (fee)]]
[[Category:1429 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1429 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1420s establishments in Denmark]]
[[Category:15th-century establishments in Denmark]]
[[Category:15th century in Skåne County]]
[[Category:15th century in Skåne County]]
[[Category:1857 disestablishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1857 disestablishments in Europe]]
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  • Sound Dues: Title, Sitelink, Statement: P625, Miscellaneous (e.g. aliases, entity existence), Description: en

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