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==Death==
==Death==
On October 15, 1959, Stepan Bandera collapsed outside of Kreittmayrstrasse 7 in [[Munich]] and died shortly thereafter. A medical examination established that the cause of his death was poison ([[cyanide]] gas<ref name=TIME>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,892820,00.html The Partisan], [[Time (magazine)]] (November 2, 1959)</ref>). On October 20, 1959 Stepan Bandera was buried in the [[Waldfriedhof Cemetery]] in Munich.
On 15 October 1959, Stepan Bandera collapsed outside of Kreittmayrstrasse 7 in [[Munich]] and died shortly thereafter. A medical examination established that the cause of his death was poison ([[cyanide]] gas<ref name=TIME>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,892820,00.html The Partisan], [[Time (magazine)]] (November 2, 1959)</ref>). On October 20, 1959 Stepan Bandera was buried in the [[Waldfriedhof Cemetery]] in Munich.


Two years later, on November 17, 1961, the German judicial bodies announced that Bandera's murderer had been KGB defector [[Bohdan Stashynsky]] who acted on the orders of Soviet [[KGB]] head [[Alexander Shelepin]] and Soviet premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]].<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938806,00.html The Poison Pistol], ''[[TIME Magazine]]'', December 01, 1961</ref> After a detailed investigation against Stashynskyi, a trial took place from October 8 to October 15, 1962. The sentence was handed down on October 19, in which Stashynskyi was sentenced to 8 years imprisonment. The [[Federal Court of Justice of Germany]] confirmed at [[Karlsruhe]] that in the Bandera murder, the Soviet secret service was the main guilty party.
Two years later, on 17 November 1961, the German judicial bodies announced that Bandera's murderer had been KGB defector [[Bohdan Stashynsky]] who acted on the orders of Soviet [[KGB]] head [[Alexander Shelepin]] and Soviet premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]].<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938806,00.html The Poison Pistol], ''[[TIME Magazine]]'', December 01, 1961</ref> After a detailed investigation against Stashynskyi, a trial took place from 8 October to 15 October 1962. The sentence was handed down on 19 October in which Stashynskyi was sentenced to 8 years imprisonment. The [[Federal Court of Justice of Germany]] confirmed at [[Karlsruhe]] that in the Bandera murder, the Soviet secret service was the main guilty party.


===Family===
===Family===

Revision as of 06:05, 7 February 2010

Stepan Bandera
Степан Бандера
Stepan Bandera
Personal details
Born1 January 1909
Uhryniv Staryi, Galiсia, Austria–Hungary
Died15 October 1959(1959-10-15) (aged 50)
Munich, West Germany
NationalityUkrainian
OccupationPolitician
AwardsHero of Ukraine

Stepan Andriyovych Bandera (Template:Lang-uk) (1 January 1909 – 15 October 1959) was a Ukrainian politician and one of the leaders of Ukrainian national movement in (Galicia) Western Ukraine, who headed the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN). The son of a clerical family, Bandera was an activist, a scout, and eventually the leader of the Ukrainian Nationalist movement.

During his political career, the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalist (OUN) split into two factions: the OUN-M and the OUN-B. Stepan Bandera was responsible for the proclamation of an Independent Ukrainian State in Lviv on 30 June 1941.

Soviet authorities authorised his assassination in absentia by the KGB in Munich, West Germany, on 15 October 1959.

Bandera is a controversial figure in contemporary Ukraine. His supporters consider him a hero, others see him as a Nazi collaborator.[1] On 22 January 2010, the outgoing President of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko awarded to Bandera the title of Hero of Ukraine (posthumously).[2]

Biography

Early life

Family house of the Bandera family in Staryy Uhryniv

Born in the village of Uhryniv Staryi, in the Kalush District in Galiсia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, His father, Andriy Bandera, was the Greek-Catholic rite parish priest of Uhryniv Staryi. His mother, Myroslava, was also from an established clerical family, the daughter of a Greek-Catholic priest in Uhryniv Staryi.

Stepan spent his childhood in Uhryniv Staryi, in the house of his parents and grandparents.

In the spring of 1922, his mother died from tuberculosis of the throat.

Education

Bandera attended the Fourth Form Grammar School in Stryi,[3], where he also participated with the Sokil sports Society.

In 1923, at the age of 14, Bandera joined the Ukrainian scout organization "Plast" (Template:Lang-ua). Later in his association with Plast, he became a member of the group Chornomortsi.

Stepan Bandera a member of Plast (1923)

Bandera received an unconfirmed 4 reprimands during his time as a yunak, and is still considered an ideal Plast member.

After graduation from high school in 1927, he planned to attend the Ukrainian College of Technology and Economics in Podebrady in Czechoslovakia, but was not granted a travel papers by the Polish authorities [4].

In 1928, Bandera enrolled in the agronomy program at the Lviv Polytechnical Institute[5]. This was one of the few programs open to Ukrainians at the time [3].

In both high school and University, Bandera learned of and later joined a nationalist group. One of the most active of these groups was the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, the OUN (Template:Lang-ua).

Nationalist activities

Early Activities

Stepan Bandera had met and associated with members of many Ukrainian nationalist organizations throughout his schooling - from Plast, to the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine (Template:Lang-ua) and also the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, the OUN (Template:Lang-ua). The most active of these was the OUN, and the leader of the OUN was Andriy Melnyk[3].

Because of a very charismatic personality, Stefan Bandera quickly rose through the ranks of these organizations, becoming the chief propaganda officer of the OUN in 1931, the second in command of OUN in Galicia in 1932-33, and the head of the National Executive or the OUN in 1933 [5].

For Bandera, an inclusive policy of nation building was important - therefore, he focussed on growing support amongst all classes of Ukrainians in all parts of Ukraine. In the early 1930s, Bandera was very active in finding and developing groups of Ukrainian nationalists in both Western and Eastern Ukraine[3].

OUN

Stefan Bandera played key roles in the organization ordering terrorist activities against the Polish government, including sabotage (arson, damaging communications), laying bombs, expropriation of property and political asassination. He was arrested in Lviv in 1934, and tried for two separate crimes: first, a plot to assassinate the minister of internal affairs, Bronisław Pieracki, and second at a general trial of OUN executives. He was found guilty on both counts and sentenced to death[5].

The death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment [5]. He was held in Wronki Prison; in 1938 some of his followers tried unsuccessfully to break him out of the jail.[6]

In September 1939, soon after Nazi Germany attacked Poland, advancing German army units released Bandera from a Polish jail. [7] Soon thereafter Eastern Poland fell under Soviet occupation. Upon release from prison, Bandera moved to Krakow, the capital of the Germany's occupational General Government. There, he was in contact with the leader of the OUN, Andriy Melnyk. In 1940, the differences between the opinions of the two leaders were strained and the OUN was split into two factions - the Melnyk faction led by Andriy Melnyk, which preached a more conservative approach to nation-building, (also known as the OUN-M), and the Bandera faction led by S. Bandera, which supported a revolutionary approach, (also known as the OUN-B) [8].

OUN(B) sought support in Germany's military circles, while the OUN(M) sought connections with its ruling clique. In November 1939 about 800 Ukrainian nationalists began training in Abwehr's military camps. In the first days of December Bandera, without co-ordination with Melnyk, sent a courier to Lviv with directives for preparation of an armed uprising. The courier was intercepted by the NKVD, which had captured some of the OUN(M)'s leaders. Another such attempt was prevented in Autumn 1940.

Formation of Mobile Groups

Before the independence proclamation of 30 June 1941, Bandera oversaw the formation of so-called "Mobile Groups" (Template:Lang-ua) which were small (5-15 members) groups of OUN-B members who would travel from General Government to Western Ukraine and after German advance to Eastern Ukraine to encourage support for the OUN-B and establishing the local authorities ruled by OUN-B activists. [9] This included out pamphlets and growing membership in OUN.

In total, approximately 7,000 people participated in these mobile groups, and they found followers among a wide circle of intellectuals, such as Ivan Bahriany, Vasyl Barka, Hryhorii Vashchenko, and many others [10].

Formation of the UPA

Further information: Ukrainian Insurgent Army

Relationship with Nazi Germany

Testimony of Colonel Stolze of the German Abwehr from 25 December, 1945 was given to the Nuremberg Tribunal as Exhibit USSR-231, with the request that it be accepted as evidence. Stolze testified that both Melnyk and Bandera were recruited by Abwehr prior to the war to organize disruptions behind Soviet lines[11].

According to the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and other sources, Bandera had meetings with the heads of Germany's intelligence, which resulted in formation of "Nachtigall" and "Roland" Battalions. In Spring the OUN received 2.5 million marks for subversive activities inside the USSR[12][13] [14].29 June 1941 Bandera was removed from Lviv and returned to Krakow which he leave without German order.[15] On 30 June 1941, OUN(B) declared a Ukrainian state in Lviv - state which "will work closely with the National-Socialist Greater Germany, under the leadership of its leader Adolf Hitler which is forming a new order in Europe and the world" - as stated in the text of the "Act of Proclamation of Ukrainian Statehood".[16] [17]. Gestapo and Abwehr officials protected Bandera followers, as both organizations intend to use them for their own proposes. [18] On July 5, Bandera was placed under honorary arrest (Template:Lang-lat) in Krakow, and transported to Berlin the next day. 14 July he was released, but required to stay in Berlin. 12 July 1941 he was joined in Berlin by his deputy Yaroslav Stetsko, whom the Germans had moved from Lviv after an unsuccessful attempt by unknown persons to assassinate him. [19] During July–August both of them submitted dozens of cooperation proposals to different Nazi institutions (OKW, RSHA etc.) [20] Although German officials demanded that he stop his armed activities against Melnyks OUN and recall the "Act of June the 30th, 1941", he refused.

However, after the German troops crossed the Dnieper River in September 1941, Hitler decided there was no need to establish a Ukrainian state. [21] [22]. After the assassination of two key members of OUN-M, said to have been committed by members of OUN-B, Bandera and Stetsko on 15 September 1941 were held in the central Berlin prison at Spandau and, in January 1942, transferred to Sachsenhausen concentration camp's special barrack for high profile political prisoners Zellenbau.[23] In 1943, Bandera was asked by Nazi officers whether he would support Hitler or not. According to one source, "Bandera quickly replied that it was clear that the Nazis would lose the war, and there was nothing to be gained for Ukraine by siding with them" [24].

In 1941 relations between Nazi Germany and the OUN-B soured to the point where a Nazi document dated 25 November 1941 stated that "... the Bandera Movement is preparing a revolt in the Reichskommissariat which has as its ultimate aim the establishment of an independent Ukraine. All functionaries of the Bandera Movement must be arrested at once and, after thorough interrogation, are to be liquidated..." [25]. Military oppression of the population increased, and it soon became evident that military action against Nazi Germany was necessary. Meetings of the OUN leadership held February 1943 led the creation of the military wing of the OUN-B, which was the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.

In April 1944 Bandera and his deputy Yaroslav Stetsko were approached by an RSHA official to discuss plans for diversions and sabotage against Soviet Army.[26]

In September 1944 [27] Bandera was released by Hitler in the hope that he would rouse the populace to fight the advancing Soviet Army. Bandera set up headquarters in Berlin. [28]Germans supplied OUN-B and UIA by air with arms and equipment. Some German personnel trained to conduct terrorist and intelligence activities behind Soviet lines, as well as some OUN-B leaders, were also transported by air untill early 1945. [29][30]

Views towards other ethnic groups

Unlike competing Polish, Russian, Hungarian or Romanian nationalisms, Ukrainian nationalism did not include antisemitism as a core aspect of its program and saw Russians as well as Poles as the chief enemy with Jews playing a secondary role. German intelligence concluded that Ukrainian nationalists were indifferent to the plight of the Jews and were willing to either kill them or help them, depending on what better served their cause. [31] The OUN-B's ambivalent attitude towards the Jews was highlighted during the Second General Congress of OUN-B (April, 1941, Krakow). At that conference the OUN-B declared "The Jews in the USSR constitute the most faithful support of the ruling Bolshevik regime, and the vanguard of Muscovite imperialism in Ukraine. The Muscovite-Bolshevik government exploits the anti-Jewish sentiments of the Ukrainian masses masses to divert their attention from the true cause of their misfortune and to channel them in a time of frustration into pogroms on Jews. The OUN combats the Jews as the prop of the Muscovite-Bolshevik regime and simultaneously it renders the masses conscious of the fact that the principal foe is Moscow."[32] In 1941-1942 while Bandera was cooperating with the Germans, OUN members did take part in anti-Jewish actions. In May 1941 at a meeting in Krakow the leadership of Bandera's OUN faction adopted the program “Struggle and action for OUN during the war” (Template:Lang-uk) which outlined the plans for activities at the onset of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union and the western territories of the Ukrainian SSR. [33] Section G of that document –“Directives for first days of the organization of the living state” Template:Lang-uk outline activity of the Bandera followers during summer 1941 [34] In subsection of “Policy Minority” ordered: “Moskali, Poles, Jews are hostile for us and thus they must be exterminated in this struggle, especially those who would resist our regime: deport them to their own lands, importantly: destroy their intelligentsia that may be in the positions of power" … "so-called Polish peasants must be assimilated"… Jews must be isolated, removed from governmental positions in order to prevent sabatoge, those who are deemed necessary may only work with an overseer... Jews' assimilation is not possible.” [35] [36] [37] Later in June Yaroslav Stetsko send to Bandera report in which he indicate - “We are creating a militia which would help to get remove the Jews and protect the population.” [38] [39] Leaflets spread in the name of Bandera in the same year called for the "destruction" of "“Moscow”, Poles , Hungarians and Jewry. [40][41] [42].

However several Jews took part Bandera's underground movement,[43] including one of his close associates Richard Yary. Another notable Jewish UPA member was Leyba-Itzik "Valeriy" Dombrovsky. The OUN also aided Jews. According to a report to the Chief of the Security Police in Berlin dated March 30, 1942, "...it has been clearly established that the Bandera movement provided forged passports not only for its own members, but also for Jews.".[44][45] When Bandera was in conflict with the Germans, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army under his authority sheltered many Jews. [46] and included Jewish fighters and medical personnel.[47] [48] In the official organ of the OUN-B's leadership, instructions to OUN groups urged those groups to "liquidate the manifestations of harmful foreign influence, particularly the German racist concepts and practices." [49]

Death

On 15 October 1959, Stepan Bandera collapsed outside of Kreittmayrstrasse 7 in Munich and died shortly thereafter. A medical examination established that the cause of his death was poison (cyanide gas[50]). On October 20, 1959 Stepan Bandera was buried in the Waldfriedhof Cemetery in Munich.

Two years later, on 17 November 1961, the German judicial bodies announced that Bandera's murderer had been KGB defector Bohdan Stashynsky who acted on the orders of Soviet KGB head Alexander Shelepin and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev.[51] After a detailed investigation against Stashynskyi, a trial took place from 8 October to 15 October 1962. The sentence was handed down on 19 October in which Stashynskyi was sentenced to 8 years imprisonment. The Federal Court of Justice of Germany confirmed at Karlsruhe that in the Bandera murder, the Soviet secret service was the main guilty party.

Family

His brother Oleksandr (who had a PhD in Political Economy from the University of Rome) and brother Vasyl (a graduate in Philosophy, Lviv University) were arrested and interned in Auschwitz, where they were allegedly killed by Polish inmates in 1942. [52].

Andriy Bandera, Stepan's father was arrested in late May 1941 for harbouring an OUN member and transferrd to Kiev. In 8 July he was sentenced to death and executed on the 10th. His sisters Oksana and Marta-Maria were arrested by the NKVD in 1941 and sent to GULAG in Siberia. Both were released in 1960 without the right to return to Ukraine. Marta-Maria died in Siberia in 1982, and Oksana returned to Ukraine in 1989 where she died in 2004. Another sister, Volodymyra - was sentenced to a term in Soviet labour camps from 1946-1956. She returned to Ukraine in 1956. [53] Stepan's brother Bohdan's fate remains unknown, as accounts vary: some sources [who?] say he was killed by the Gestapo in Mykolayiv in 1943, other sources [who?] say he was killed by the NKVD operatives in 1944, but to date even the family members have no definite information.

Legacy

Ukrainian postal stamp commemorating the 100 years of the birth of Stepan Bandera
File:Stepan Bandera.JPG
Monument to Stepan Bandera in Berezhany, Ukraine.

The Soviet Union actively campaigned to discredit Bandera and all other Ukrainian nationalist partisans of World War II.[1][failed verification][50][failed verification][54][failed verification]

In an interview with Russian newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda in 2005 former KGB Chief Vladimir Kryuchkov claimed that "the murder of Stepan Bandera was one of the last cases when the KGB disposed of undesired people by means of violence."[55]

In late 2006 the Lviv city administration announced the future transference of the tombs of Stepan Bandera, Andriy Melnyk, Yevhen Konovalets and other key leaders of OUN/UPA to a new area of Lychakivskiy Cemetery specifically dedicated to Ukrainian national liberation struggle.[56]

In October 2007, the city of Lviv erected a statue dedicated to the OUN and UPA leader Stepan Bandera[57]. The appearance of the statue has engendered a far-reaching debate about the role of Stepan Bandera and UPA in Ukrainian History. The two previously erected statues were blown up by unknown perpetrators, the current is guarded by a militia detachment 24/7. On October 18, 2007, the Lviv City Council adopted a resolution establishing the "Award of Stepan Bandera."[58][59]

On January 1, 2009 his 100th birthday was celebrated in several Ukrainian centres[60][61][62][63][64] and an postal stamp with his portrait was issued the same day.[65]

On January 22, 2010, on the Day of Unity of Ukraine, the outgoing President of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko awarded to Bandera the title of Hero of Ukraine (posthumously). A grandson of Bandera, also named Stepan, accepted the award that day from the Ukrainian President during the state ceremony to commemorate the Day of Unity of Ukraine at the National Opera House of Ukraine.[66][67][68] [69] This award has been condemned by the Simon Wiesenthal Center[70] and the Student Union of French Jews.[71]

Monuments

There are monuments of Stepan Bandera in Staryi Uhryniv, Lviv, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, Drohobych, Terebovlya, Berezhany, Buchach, Dubliany, Mykytyntsi, Sambir, Stryi, Boryslav, Zalishchyky, Chervonohrad, Mostyska, and several villages.

Museums

Streets

  • Stepan Bandera street in Lviv
  • Stepan Bandera street in Lutsk (former Suvorovska street)
  • Stepan Bandera street in Rivne (former Moskovska street)
  • Stepan Bandera street in Kolomyia
  • Stepan Bandera prospect in Ternopil
  • Stepan Bandera street in Ivano-Frankivsk
  • Stepan Bandera street in Chervonohrad
  • Stepan Bandera street in Drohobych (former Slyusarska street)
  • Stepan Bandera street in Stryi
  • Stepan Bandera street in Kalush
  • Stepan Bandera street in Kovel
  • Stepan Bandera street in Volodymyr-Volynskyi

References

  1. ^ a b Stepan Bandera: Hero or Nazi sympathizer?, Kyiv Post (October 2, 2008) Cite error: The named reference "Hero or Nazi sympathizer?" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^  United Kingdom УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАИНЫ № 46/2010: О присвоении С.Бандере звания Герой Украины. President of Ukraine. Accessed on January 22, 2010
  3. ^ a b c d http://exlibris.org.ua/murders/r04.html
  4. ^ Ukrainian College of Technology and Economics in Podebrady
  5. ^ a b c d http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/B/A/BanderaStepan.htm
  6. ^ Template:Pl icon Janusz Marciszewski, Uwolnić Banderę, NaszeMiasto.pl
  7. ^ Time magazine http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,892820,00.html
  8. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30082/World-War-II-and-its-aftermath#ref=ref404610
  9. ^ ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
  10. ^ http://www.day.kiev.ua/264657/
  11. ^ http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-06/tgmwc-06-56-12.html
  12. ^ Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія. Інститут історії НАН України.2004р Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія, Раздел 1 http://www.history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/Upa/1.pdf стр. 17-30
  13. ^ ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
  14. ^ І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN)
  15. ^ p.420 ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
  16. ^ ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
  17. ^ І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN)
  18. ^ p.15 ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0 - У владних структурах рейху знайшлися сили яки з прагматичних міркувань стали на захист бандерівців. Керівники гестапо сподівалися використовувати їх у власних цілях а керівники абверу а радянському тилу.
  19. ^ Після проголошення держави й уряду наложили на нього дня 5.7. почесний арешт (Еренгафт) та перевезли його до Берліна. Дня 14.7 провідника організації звільнено із забороною опускати Берлін. p.420 ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
  20. ^ p.16 Голова уряду Я.Стецько майже до кінця серпня вільно проживав у Берліні і закидав посланнями відомства Розенберга, Ріббентропа,Гіммлера і Кейтеля) ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
  21. ^ ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
  22. ^ І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN)
  23. ^ Berkhoff, K.C. and M. Carynnyk 'The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews: Iaroslav Stets’ko’s 1941 Zhyttiepys' in: Harvard Ukrainian Studies, vol. 23 (1999), nr. 3/4, pp. 149—184 .
  24. ^ M.Logusz "The Waffen-SS 14th Grenadier Division, 1943-1945". Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military History, 1997 558 p. illus. (Schiffer, 4880 Lower Valley Rd. Atglen PA 19310, FAX: (610) 593-2002
  25. ^ http://www.infoukes.com/history/ww2/page-08.html
  26. ^ Завдання підривної діяльності проти Червоної армії обговорювалося на нараді під Берліном у квітні того ж року (1944) між керівником таємних операцій вермахту О.Скорцені й лідерами українських націоналістів С.бандерою та Я.Стецьком» D.Vyedeneyev O.Lysenko OUN and foreign intelligence services 1920s-1950s Ukrainian Historical Magazine 3, 2009 p.137– Institute of History National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine http://www.history.org.ua/JournALL/journal/2009/3/11.pdf
  27. ^ БАНДЕРА Степан Андрійович at Institute of History - National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine http://www.history.org.ua/?l=EHU&verbvar=Bandera_S&abcvar=2&bbcvar=1
  28. ^ WEST GERMANY: The Partisan Monday, Nov. 02, 1959 http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,892820,00.html]]
  29. ^ Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, p.338
  30. ^ D.Vyedeneyev O.Lysenko OUN and foreign intelligence services 1920s-1950s Ukrainian Historical Magazine 3, 2009 p.137– Institute of History National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine http://www.history.org.ua/JournALL/journal/2009/3/11.pdf
  31. ^ Ukrainian Collaboration in the Extermination of the Jews during the Second World War: Sorting Out the Long-Term and Conjunctural Factors by John-Paul Himka, University of Alberta. Taken from The Fate of the European Jews, 1939-1945: Continuity or Contingency, ed. Jonathan Frankel (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), Studies in Contemporary Jewry 13 (1997): 170-89.
  32. ^ Philip Friedman. Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation. In Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust. (1980) New York: Conference of Jewish Social Studies. pp.179-180
  33. ^ І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN p.111
  34. ^ І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN p.56 .
  35. ^ Меншинева політика. 16. Національні меншини поділяються на: а) приязні нам, себто членів досі поневолених народів; б) ворожі нам, москалі, поляки, жиди. а) Мають однакові права з українцями, уможливлюємо їм поворот в їхню батьківщину. б) Винищування в боротьбі, зокрема тих, що боронитимуть режи- му: переселювання в їх землі, винищувати головно інтелігенцію, якої не вільно допускати до ніяких урядів, і взагалі унеможливлюємо продуку- вання інтелігенції, себто доступ до шкіл і т.д. Наприклад, так званих польських селян треба асимілювати, усвідомлюючи з місця їм, тим більше в цей гарячий, повний фанатизму час, що вони українці, тільки латинського обряду, насильно асимільовані. Проводирів нищити. Жидів ізолювати, поусувати з урядів, щоб уникнути саботажу, тим більше мос- калів і поляків. Коли б була непоборна потреба оставити, приміром, в господарськім апараті жида, поставити йому нашого міліціянта над го- ловою і ліквідувати за найменші провини. Керівники поодиноких галузей життя можуть бути лише українці, а не чужині – вороги. Асиміляція жидів виключається. p.103-104 ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
  36. ^ same text p.485-486 І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004
  37. ^ Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, p.63
  38. ^ Dr. Franziska Bruder "Radicalization of the Ukrainian Nationalist Policy in the context of the Holocaust" The International Institute for Holocaust Research No. 12 -June 2008 p.37 ISSN 1565-8643
  39. ^ "робимо міліцію що поможе жидів усувати www.history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/Upa/2.pdf Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, p.63 ]
  40. ^ І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN p 324 “Народе знай Москва Польша, мадяри жидова- це твої вороги. Нищ їх”
  41. ^ same text p.259 July p 576 December - ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
  42. ^ Harvest of despair: life and death in Ukraine under Nazi rule by Karel Cornelis Berkhoff (2004)
  43. ^ Philip Friedman. Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation. In Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust. (1980) New York: Conference of Jewish Social Studies. pg. 204
  44. ^ Cite error: The named reference autogenerated8 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  45. ^ Divide and Conquer: the KGB Disinformation Campaign Against Ukrainians and Jews. Ukrainian Quarterly, Fall 2004. By Herbert Romerstein
  46. ^ Friedman, P. "Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation, YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science v. 12, pp. 259–96, 1958–59". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  47. ^ Leo Heiman, "We Fought for Ukraine - The Story of Jews Within the UPA", Ukrainian Quarterly Spring 1964, pp.33-44.
  48. ^ Philip Friedman. Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation. In Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust. (1980) New York: Conference of Jewish Social Studies. pg. 204. Among several Jews saved by UPA Friedman mentions a Jewish physician and his wife whom he knows in Israel who were saved by UPA, another Jewish physician and his brother who lived in Tel Aviv after the war
  49. ^ Philip Friedman. Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation. In Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust. (1980) New York: Conference of Jewish Social Studies. pg. 188
  50. ^ a b The Partisan, Time (magazine) (November 2, 1959)
  51. ^ The Poison Pistol, TIME Magazine, December 01, 1961
  52. ^ p.190 The Frankfurt Auschwitz trial, 1963-1965: genocide, history, and the limits Devin Owen Pendas Cambridge University Press [1]
  53. ^ Бандерштадт: місто Бандер №4 (231) 28 січня 2010р. http://www.gk-press.if.ua/node/512 http://www.gk-press.if.ua/node/512
  54. ^ Myths from U.S.S.R. still have strong pull today, Kyiv Post (February 25, 2009)
  55. ^ Mosnews.com
  56. ^ Information website of the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group
  57. ^ Events by themes: Monument to Stepan Bandera in Lvov, UNIAN photo service (October 13, 2007)
  58. ^ Корреспондент » Украина » События » Львов основал журналистскую премию имени Бандеры
  59. ^ Розпорядження №495
  60. ^ Events by themes: Celebration of 100 birth anniversary of Stepan Bandera in Zaporozhye (Zaporozhye), UNIAN photo service (January 1, 2009)
  61. ^ Events by themes: Mass meeting, devoted to 100 birth anniversary of Stepan Bandera, in Stariy Ugriniv village, UNIAN photo service (January 1, 2009)
  62. ^ Events by themes: Monument to Stepan Banderq and memorial complex the heroes of UPA were opened in Ivano-Frankivsk (Ivano-Frankivsk), UNIAN photo service (January 1, 2009)
  63. ^ Events by themes: Kharkiv nationalists were disallowed to arrange a torchlight procession in honor of Bandera’s birthday (Kharkiv), UNIAN photo service (January 1, 2009)
  64. ^ Events by themes: Action ”Stepan Bandera is a national hero” (Kiev), UNIAN photo service (January 1, 2009)
  65. ^ 2009 Philatelic Issues - Stefan Bandera (1909-1959) The Ukrainian Electronic Stamp Album
  66. ^ President Viktor Yushchenko awarded title Hero of Ukraine to OUN Head Stepan Bandera, Radio Ukraine (January 22, 2010)
  67. ^ Stepan Bandera becomes Ukrainian hero, Kyiv Post (January 22, 2010)
  68. ^ Events by themes: 91th anniversary of Collegiality of Ukraine, UNIAN (January 22, 2010)
  69. ^ Ukraine. Rehabilitation and new heroes, EuropaRussia (January 29, 2010)
  70. ^ WIESENTHAL CENTER BLASTS UKRAINIAN HONOR FOR NAZI COLLABORATOR, Simon Wiesenthal Center (January 28, 2010)
  71. ^ Template:Fr icon L’UEJF choquée par Ioutchenko, pour qui Bandera est un héros de l’Ukraine, UEJF, February 1, 2010
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