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{{Short description|Species of shrub}}
{{Short description|Species of shrub}}
{{redirect|Butcher's Broom|the novel by Neil M. Gunn|Butcher's Broom (novel)}}
{{Redirect|Butcher's Broom|the novel by Neil M. Gunn|Butcher's Broom (novel)}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
|taxon = Ruscus aculeatus
|taxon = Ruscus aculeatus
Line 20: Line 20:
}}
}}


'''''Ruscus aculeatus''''', known as '''butcher's-broom''',
'''''Ruscus aculeatus''''', known as '''butcher's-broom''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17}}</ref> is a low [[evergreen]] [[Dioecy|dioecious]] Eurasian [[shrub]], with flat shoots known as [[cladode]]s that give the appearance of stiff, spine-tipped [[leaves]]. Small greenish [[flower]]s appear in spring, and are borne singly in the centre of the cladodes. The female flowers are followed by a red [[Berry (botany)|berry]], and the seeds are bird-distributed, but the plant also spreads vegetatively by means of rhizomes. It is native to [[Eurasia]] and some northern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=281908&isprofile=0&|title=Ruscus aculeatus - Plant Finder|website=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref> ''Ruscus aculeatus'' occurs in woodlands and hedgerows, where it is tolerant of deep shade, and also on coastal cliffs. Likely due to its attractive winter/spring color, ''Ruscus aculeatus'' has become a fairly common landscape plant.<ref name=":0" /> It is also widely planted in gardens, and has spread as a garden escapee in many areas outside its native range. The plant grows well in zones 7 to 9 on the USDA hardiness zone map.<ref name=":0" />
<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17}}</ref>
is a low [[evergreen]] [[Dioecy|dioecious]] Eurasian [[shrub]], with flat shoots known as [[cladode]]s that give the appearance of stiff, spine-tipped [[leaves]]. Small greenish [[flower]]s appear in spring, and are borne singly in the centre of the cladodes. The female flowers are followed by a red [[Berry (botany)|berry]], and the seeds are bird-distributed, but the plant also spreads vegetatively by means of rhizomes. It is native to [[Eurasia]] and some northern parts of Africa.
<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=281908&isprofile=0&|title=Ruscus aculeatus - Plant Finder|website=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref>
''Ruscus aculeatus'' occurs in woodlands and hedgerows, where it is tolerant of deep shade, and also on coastal cliffs. Likely due to its attractive winter/spring color, ''Ruscus aculeatus'' has become a fairly common landscape plant.
<ref name=":0" />
It is also widely planted in gardens, and has spread as a garden escapee in many areas outside its native range. The plant grows well in zones 7 to 9 on the USDA hardiness zone map.
<ref name=":0" />


The Latin [[binomial nomenclature|specific epithet]] ''aculeatus'' means “prickly”.<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book | last=Harrison |first=Lorraine | title=RHS Latin for Gardeners | year=2012 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley | location=United Kingdom | isbn=978-1845337315 }}</ref>
The Latin [[binomial nomenclature|specific epithet]] ''aculeatus'' means "prickly".<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book | last=Harrison |first=Lorraine | title=RHS Latin for Gardeners | year=2012 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley | location=United Kingdom | isbn=978-1845337315 }}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
Line 34: Line 41:


==Description==
==Description==
Grows to length of 80&nbsp;cm with stiff branches bearing [[Phylloclade|cladodes]] (stems modified to look like leaves) and true leaves less than 5&nbsp;mm. Flowers grow from axils of leaves on adaxial side of cladodes. The 6 tepals are pale green and the ovary and stamens violet. Fruit about 1&nbsp;cm red, thick and rigid. Flowers in the axil of bracts cladodes up to 4&nbsp;cm.
Grows to length of 80&nbsp;cm with stiff branches bearing [[Phylloclade|cladodes]] (stems modified to look like leaves) and true leaves less than 5&nbsp;mm. Flowers grow from axils of leaves on adaxial side of cladodes. The 6 tepals are pale green, and the ovary or stamens are violet ([[dioecious]] plant). Fruit about 1&nbsp;cm red, thick and rigid. Flowers in the axil of bracts cladodes up to 4&nbsp;cm.
<ref name = Clapham>Clapham,A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968. ''Excursion Flora of the British Isles.'' Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|0 521 04656 4}}</ref>
<ref name = Clapham>Clapham,A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968. ''Excursion Flora of the British Isles.'' Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|0 521 04656 4}}</ref>


Line 41: Line 48:


== Phytochemicals ==
== Phytochemicals ==
[[File:Ruscus aculeatus b5.JPG|thumb|Flowers of the plant]]
[[File:Ruscus aculeatus - flowers & fruits 02.JPG|thumb|left|Flowers and fruits]]
[[File:Ruscus aculeatus b5.JPG|thumb|Close-up of flowers]]
⚫
The major phytochemicals in butcher's broom are steroidal saponins.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jakobsson|first1=Hugo|last2=Farmaki|first2=Katerina|last3=Sakinis|first3=Augustinas|last4=Ehn|first4=Olof|last5=Johannsson|first5=Gudmundur|last6=Ragnarsson|first6=Oskar|date=2018-05-15|title=Adrenal venous sampling: the learning curve of a single interventionalist with 282 consecutive procedures|journal=Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology|volume=24|issue=2|pages=89–93|doi=10.5152/dir.2018.17397|pmid=29467114|pmc=5873508|issn=1305-3612}}</ref> Saponins occur naturally in plants as glycosides and have foam forming properties.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Sahu|first1=N. P.|title=Steroidal Saponins|date=2008|work=Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products|pages=45–141|publisher=Springer Vienna|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-211-74019-4_2|isbn=9783211740187|last2=Banerjee|first2=S.|last3=Mondal|first3=N. B.|last4=Mandal|first4=D.|volume=89|pmid=18958994|bibcode=2008fcon.book...45S}}</ref> The specific saponins found in butcher's broom are ruscogenins, ruscogenen and neoruscogenin, named for the genus ''Ruscus''.<ref name=":1" /> Ruscogenins function as anti-inflammatory agents<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=Ya-Lin|last2=Kou|first2=Jun-Ping|last3=Ma|first3=Li|last4=Song|first4=Jia-Xi|last5=Yu|first5=Bo-Yang|date=October 2008|title=Possible mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of ruscogenin: role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB|journal=Journal of Pharmacological Sciences|volume=108|issue=2|pages=198–205|doi=10.1254/jphs.08083fp|issn=1347-8613|pmid=18946195|doi-access=free}}</ref> and are also believed to cause constriction in veins.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bouskela|first1=Eliete|last2=Cyrino|first2=Fatima Z. G. A.|last3=Marcelon|first3=Gilbert|date=August 1993|title=Effects of Ruscus Extract on the Internal Diameter of Arterioles and Venules of the Hamster Cheek Pouch Microcirculation|journal=Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology|volume=22|issue=2|pages=221–224|doi=10.1097/00005344-199308000-00008|pmid=7692161|s2cid=20763763|issn=0160-2446}}</ref> Currently the mode of action of ruscogenins is not well understood, but one proposed mechanism suggests that ruscogenins suppresses leukocyte migration through both protein and mRNA regulation.<ref name=":3" /> Neoruscogenin has been identified as a potent and high-affinity agonist of the nuclear receptor RORα (NR1F1).<ref>Helleboid S, Haug C, Lamottke K, et al. The Identification of Naturally Occurring Neoruscogenin as a Bioavailable, Potent, and High-Affinity Agonist of the Nuclear Receptor RORα (NR1F1). Journal of Biomolecular Screening. 2014;19(3):399-406. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087057113497095.
The major phytochemicals in butcher's broom are steroidal saponins.
⚫
<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jakobsson|first1=Hugo|last2=Farmaki|first2=Katerina|last3=Sakinis|first3=Augustinas|last4=Ehn|first4=Olof|last5=Johannsson|first5=Gudmundur|last6=Ragnarsson|first6=Oskar|date=2018-05-15|title=Adrenal venous sampling: the learning curve of a single interventionalist with 282 consecutive procedures|journal=Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology|volume=24|issue=2|pages=89–93|doi=10.5152/dir.2018.17397|pmid=29467114|pmc=5873508|issn=1305-3612}}</ref> Saponins occur naturally in plants as glycosides and have foam forming properties.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Sahu|first1=N. P.|title=Steroidal Saponins|date=2008|work=Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products|pages=45–141|publisher=Springer Vienna|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-211-74019-4_2|isbn=9783211740187|last2=Banerjee|first2=S.|last3=Mondal|first3=N. B.|last4=Mandal|first4=D.|volume=89|pmid=18958994|bibcode=2008fcon.book...45S}}</ref> The specific saponins found in butcher's broom are ruscogenins, ruscogenen and neoruscogenin, named for the genus ''Ruscus''.<ref name=":1" /> Ruscogenins function as anti-inflammatory agents<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=Ya-Lin|last2=Kou|first2=Jun-Ping|last3=Ma|first3=Li|last4=Song|first4=Jia-Xi|last5=Yu|first5=Bo-Yang|date=October 2008|title=Possible mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of ruscogenin: role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB|journal=Journal of Pharmacological Sciences|volume=108|issue=2|pages=198–205|doi=10.1254/jphs.08083fp|issn=1347-8613|pmid=18946195|doi-access=free}}</ref> and are also believed to cause constriction in veins.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bouskela|first1=Eliete|last2=Cyrino|first2=Fatima Z. G. A.|last3=Marcelon|first3=Gilbert|date=August 1993|title=Effects of Ruscus Extract on the Internal Diameter of Arterioles and Venules of the Hamster Cheek Pouch Microcirculation|journal=Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology|volume=22|issue=2|pages=221–224|doi=10.1097/00005344-199308000-00008|pmid=7692161|s2cid=20763763|issn=0160-2446|doi-access=free}}</ref> Currently the mode of action of ruscogenins is not well understood, but one proposed mechanism suggests that ruscogenins suppresses leukocyte migration through both protein and mRNA regulation.<ref name=":3" /> Neoruscogenin has been identified as a potent and high-affinity agonist of the nuclear receptor RORα (NR1F1).<ref>Helleboid S, Haug C, Lamottke K, et al. The Identification of Naturally Occurring Neoruscogenin as a Bioavailable, Potent, and High-Affinity Agonist of the Nuclear Receptor RORα (NR1F1). Journal of Biomolecular Screening. 2014;19(3):399-406. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087057113497095.
</ref>
</ref>


Newer research has also uncovered that there are polyphenols present in butcher's broom which may also be physiologically active, possibly as an antioxidant.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Herrmann|first1=Josef M.|last2=Untergehrer|first2=Monika|last3=Jürgenliemk|first3=Guido|last4=Heilmann|first4=Jörg|last5=König|first5=Burkhard|date=2014-04-08|title=Synthesis of Phenyl-1-benzoxepinols Isolated from Butcher's Broom and Analogous Benzoxepines|journal=European Journal of Organic Chemistry|language=en|volume=2014|issue=15|pages=3170–3181|doi=10.1002/ejoc.201400004|issn=1434-193X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barbič|first1=Matej|last2=Schmidt|first2=Thomas J.|last3=Jürgenliemk|first3=Guido|date=June 2012|title=Novel Phenyl-1-benzoxepinols from Butcher's Broom (Rusci rhizoma)|journal=Chemistry & Biodiversity|language=en|volume=9|issue=6|pages=1077–1083|doi=10.1002/cbdv.201100158|pmid=22700226|s2cid=205546309|issn=1612-1872}}</ref> As of yet there is not enough evidence to make a conclusion, but since they have now been synthesized in labs further research should be in progress.
Newer research has also uncovered that there are polyphenols present in butcher's broom which may also be physiologically active, possibly as an antioxidant.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Herrmann|first1=Josef M.|last2=Untergehrer|first2=Monika|last3=Jürgenliemk|first3=Guido|last4=Heilmann|first4=Jörg|last5=König|first5=Burkhard|date=2014-04-08|title=Synthesis of Phenyl-1-benzoxepinols Isolated from Butcher's Broom and Analogous Benzoxepines|journal=European Journal of Organic Chemistry|language=en|volume=2014|issue=15|pages=3170–3181|doi=10.1002/ejoc.201400004|issn=1434-193X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barbič|first1=Matej|last2=Schmidt|first2=Thomas J.|last3=Jürgenliemk|first3=Guido|date=June 2012|title=Novel Phenyl-1-benzoxepinols from Butcher's Broom (Rusci rhizoma)|journal=Chemistry & Biodiversity|language=en|volume=9|issue=6|pages=1077–1083|doi=10.1002/cbdv.201100158|pmid=22700226|s2cid=205546309|issn=1612-1872|doi-access=free}}</ref> As of yet there is not enough evidence to make a conclusion, but since they have now been synthesized in labs further research should be in progress.


==Cultivars==
==Cultivars==
[[File:Ruscus aculeatus 'John Redmond'. Locatie, Tuinreservaat Jonkervallei 04.jpg|thumb|left|‘John Redmond’ cultivar]]
[[File:Ruscus aculeatus 'John Redmond'. Locatie, Tuinreservaat Jonkervallei 04.jpg|thumb|right|'John Redmond' cultivar]]
The dwarf cultivar ‘John Redmond’, growing to {{convert|50 |cm|in|abbr=on}} tall by {{convert|100 |cm|in|abbr=on}} broad, has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]’s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/220446/i-Ruscus-aculeatus-i-John-Redmond-sup-(PBR)-sup-(f-m)/Details
The dwarf cultivar 'John Redmond', growing to {{convert|50 |cm|in|abbr=on}} tall by {{convert|100 |cm|in|abbr=on}} broad, has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/220446/i-Ruscus-aculeatus-i-John-Redmond-sup-(PBR)-sup-(f-m)/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Ruscus aculeatus'' 'John Redmond' | access-date = 11 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Ruscus aculeatus'' 'John Redmond' | access-date = 11 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017
| url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017
| page = 93 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 11 October 2018}}</ref>
| page = 93 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 11 October 2018}}</ref>


Other cultivars include 'Christmas Berry'.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.google.com/patents/USPP16680 |title=''Ruscus'' plant named 'Christmas Berry' US PP16680 P2 |author=Gys Petrus de Jong |access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
Other cultivars include 'Christmas Berry'.<ref>{{citation |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/USPP16680 |title=''Ruscus'' plant named 'Christmas Berry' US PP16680 P2 |author=Gys Petrus de Jong |access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
⚫
{{Commons|Ruscus aculeatus}}
⚫
{{Wikispecies|Ruscus aculeatus}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
⚫
{{Commons|Ruscus aculeatus}}
⚫
{{Wikispecies|Ruscus aculeatus}}
* botanical.com: [http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/b/brobut71.html A Modern Herbal, Broom, Butcher's]
* botanical.com: [http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/b/brobut71.html A Modern Herbal, Broom, Butcher's]
* nutrasanus.com: [http://www.nutrasanus.com/butchers-broom.html NutraSanus, Butcher's Broom Benefits and Information]
* nutrasanus.com: [http://www.nutrasanus.com/butchers-broom.html NutraSanus, Butcher's Broom Benefits and Information]
* {{PFAF|Ruscus aculeatus}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q161425}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q161425}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Ruscus|aculeatus]]
[[Category:Ruscus|aculeatus]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Western Asia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Dioecious plants]]
[[Category:Dioecious plants]]
[[Category:Habitats Directive species]]

Latest revision as of 17:21, 8 June 2024

"Butcher's Broom" redirects here. For the novel by Neil M. Gunn, see Butcher's Broom (novel).

Butcher's-broom
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asparagaceae
Subfamily: Nolinoideae
Genus: Ruscus
Species:
R. aculeatus
Binomial name
Ruscus aculeatus
Synonyms[1]
  • Oxymyrsine pungens Bubani
  • Ruscus flexuosus Mill.
  • Ruscus laxus Sm.
  • Ruscus parasiticus Gueldenst.
  • Ruscus ponticus Woronow

Ruscus aculeatus, known as butcher's-broom, [2] is a low evergreen dioecious Eurasian shrub, with flat shoots known as cladodes that give the appearance of stiff, spine-tipped leaves. Small greenish flowers appear in spring, and are borne singly in the centre of the cladodes. The female flowers are followed by a red berry, and the seeds are bird-distributed, but the plant also spreads vegetatively by means of rhizomes. It is native to Eurasia and some northern parts of Africa. [3] Ruscus aculeatus occurs in woodlands and hedgerows, where it is tolerant of deep shade, and also on coastal cliffs. Likely due to its attractive winter/spring color, Ruscus aculeatus has become a fairly common landscape plant. [3] It is also widely planted in gardens, and has spread as a garden escapee in many areas outside its native range. The plant grows well in zones 7 to 9 on the USDA hardiness zone map. [3]

The Latin specific epithet aculeatus means "prickly".[4]

History

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

The common name, butcher's broom, hails from one of its original uses. In Europe, Ruscus species were traditionally harvested for their flat and stiff branches to make small brooms that were used for clearing off and cleaning butchering blocks.[5] Recent research has uncovered that butcher's broom contains some antibacterial compounds.[5] This suggests that in addition to the functional physical properties of Ruscus species, increased effectiveness in cleaning and producing safer products due to unrecognized antibacterial oils may have contributed to its popularity and subsequent nickname.

Traditional medicinal usage

[edit]
Ruscus aculeatus rhizoma used in traditional medicine

Butcher's broom has been used by a variety of peoples as a treatment for a variety of ailments. A classical remedy from Europe claimed that the rhizomes could be used as a diuretic.[5] In ancient Greece, butcher's broom was used as a laxative or diuretic, and it was also believed to remove kidney stones when added to wine.[6] Butcher's broom was also used to reduce swelling and to speed the recovery of fractures.[7]

Description

[edit]

Grows to length of 80 cm with stiff branches bearing cladodes (stems modified to look like leaves) and true leaves less than 5 mm. Flowers grow from axils of leaves on adaxial side of cladodes. The 6 tepals are pale green, and the ovary or stamens are violet (dioecious plant). Fruit about 1 cm red, thick and rigid. Flowers in the axil of bracts cladodes up to 4 cm. [8]

Distribution

[edit]

In Great Britain it has been recorded from southern England to north Wales.[8] In north-eastern Ireland it is extremely rare growing wild but has been recorded in Counties Down and Antrim.[9]

Phytochemicals

[edit]
Flowers and fruits
Close-up of flowers

The major phytochemicals in butcher's broom are steroidal saponins. [10] Saponins occur naturally in plants as glycosides and have foam forming properties.[11] The specific saponins found in butcher's broom are ruscogenins, ruscogenen and neoruscogenin, named for the genus Ruscus.[5] Ruscogenins function as anti-inflammatory agents[12] and are also believed to cause constriction in veins.[13] Currently the mode of action of ruscogenins is not well understood, but one proposed mechanism suggests that ruscogenins suppresses leukocyte migration through both protein and mRNA regulation.[12] Neoruscogenin has been identified as a potent and high-affinity agonist of the nuclear receptor RORα (NR1F1).[14]

Newer research has also uncovered that there are polyphenols present in butcher's broom which may also be physiologically active, possibly as an antioxidant.[15][16] As of yet there is not enough evidence to make a conclusion, but since they have now been synthesized in labs further research should be in progress.

Cultivars

[edit]
'John Redmond' cultivar

The dwarf cultivar 'John Redmond', growing to 50 cm (20 in) tall by 100 cm (39 in) broad, has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[17][18]

Other cultivars include 'Christmas Berry'.[19]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 5 August 2017
  2. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  3. ^ a b c "Ruscus aculeatus - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
  4. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.
  5. ^ a b c d "HerbalGram: Butcher's Broom". cms.herbalgram.org. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
  6. ^ Abascal, Kathy; Yarnell, Eric (June 2002). "Butcher's Broom: Herb's Potentials Too-Often Swept Under the Rug". Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 8 (3): 177–185. doi:10.1089/107628002760091038. ISSN 1076-2809.
  7. ^ "Butcher's Broom Effectiveness, Safety, and Drug Interactions on RxList". RxList. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
  8. ^ a b Clapham,A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968. Excursion Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 04656 4
  9. ^ Hackney, P. (ed)Stewart & Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland. Third Edition The Institute of Irish Studies & Queen's University. Belfast.ISBN 0 85389 446 9
  10. ^ Jakobsson, Hugo; Farmaki, Katerina; Sakinis, Augustinas; Ehn, Olof; Johannsson, Gudmundur; Ragnarsson, Oskar (2018-05-15). "Adrenal venous sampling: the learning curve of a single interventionalist with 282 consecutive procedures". Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology. 24 (2): 89–93. doi:10.5152/dir.2018.17397. ISSN 1305-3612. PMC 5873508. PMID 29467114.
  11. ^ Sahu, N. P.; Banerjee, S.; Mondal, N. B.; Mandal, D. (2008), "Steroidal Saponins", Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, vol. 89, Springer Vienna, pp. 45–141, Bibcode:2008fcon.book...45S, doi:10.1007/978-3-211-74019-4_2, ISBN 9783211740187, PMID 18958994
  12. ^ a b Huang, Ya-Lin; Kou, Jun-Ping; Ma, Li; Song, Jia-Xi; Yu, Bo-Yang (October 2008). "Possible mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of ruscogenin: role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB". Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 108 (2): 198–205. doi:10.1254/jphs.08083fp. ISSN 1347-8613. PMID 18946195.
  13. ^ Bouskela, Eliete; Cyrino, Fatima Z. G. A.; Marcelon, Gilbert (August 1993). "Effects of Ruscus Extract on the Internal Diameter of Arterioles and Venules of the Hamster Cheek Pouch Microcirculation". Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 22 (2): 221–224. doi:10.1097/00005344-199308000-00008. ISSN 0160-2446. PMID 7692161. S2CID 20763763.
  14. ^ Helleboid S, Haug C, Lamottke K, et al. The Identification of Naturally Occurring Neoruscogenin as a Bioavailable, Potent, and High-Affinity Agonist of the Nuclear Receptor RORα (NR1F1). Journal of Biomolecular Screening. 2014;19(3):399-406. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087057113497095.
  15. ^ Herrmann, Josef M.; Untergehrer, Monika; Jürgenliemk, Guido; Heilmann, Jörg; König, Burkhard (2014-04-08). "Synthesis of Phenyl-1-benzoxepinols Isolated from Butcher's Broom and Analogous Benzoxepines". European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2014 (15): 3170–3181. doi:10.1002/ejoc.201400004. ISSN 1434-193X.
  16. ^ Barbič, Matej; Schmidt, Thomas J.; Jürgenliemk, Guido (June 2012). "Novel Phenyl-1-benzoxepinols from Butcher's Broom (Rusci rhizoma)". Chemistry & Biodiversity. 9 (6): 1077–1083. doi:10.1002/cbdv.201100158. ISSN 1612-1872. PMID 22700226. S2CID 205546309.
  17. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Ruscus aculeatus 'John Redmond'". Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  18. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 93. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  19. ^ Gys Petrus de Jong, Ruscus plant named 'Christmas Berry' US PP16680 P2, retrieved 20 July 2016
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