Quadrate bone: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Skull bone}} |
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The '''quadrate''' bone is part of a skull in most [[tetrapods]], including [[amphibians]], [[sauropsids]] ("reptiles"), [[birds]] and early [[synapsids]]. In these animals it connects to the [[quadratojugal]] and [[squamosal]] in the skull, and forms part of the jaw joint (the other part is the [[articular]] bone at the rear end of the lower jaw). |
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{{Other uses|Quadrate (disambiguation)}} |
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{{See also|Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles}} |
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[[Image:Skull anapsida 1.svg|thumb|300px|A schematic of an [[anapsid]] skull showing the location of major dermal bones of the upper skull, including the quadrate bone (q).]]The '''quadrate''' bone is a [[skull]] bone in most [[tetrapods]], including [[amphibians]], [[sauropsids]] ([[reptiles]], [[birds]]), and early [[synapsids]]. |
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In most tetrapods, the quadrate bone connects to the [[quadratojugal]] and [[squamosal]] bones in the skull, and forms upper part of the jaw joint. The lower jaw articulates at the [[articular]] bone, located at the rear end of the lower jaw. The quadrate bone forms the lower jaw articulation in all classes except mammals.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Romer, Alfred Sherwood, 1894-1973.|title=The vertebrate body : shorter version|date=1978|publisher=Saunders|others=Parsons, Thomas S. (Thomas Sturges), 1930-|isbn=0-7216-7682-0|edition=5th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=3345587}}</ref> |
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In snakes, the quadrate bone has become elongated and very mobile, and contributes greatly to their ability to swallow very large prey items. |
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Evolutionarily, it is derived from the hindmost part of the primitive cartilaginous upper jaw. |
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In [[mammals]] the [[Articular|articular]] and quadrate bones have migrated to the [[middle ear]] and are known as the [[malleus]] and [[incus]]. In fact [[paleontologists]] regard this modification as the defining characteristic of mammals.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/Unit420/420.000.html | title=Mammaliformes: Overview - Palaeos}}</ref> |
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== Function in reptiles == |
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[[File:Python Daudin, 1803.jpg|left|thumb|275x275px|An exploded python skull with disarticulated upper and lower jaws. The quadrate bone (c) is particularly elongated in snakes, to facilitate [[cranial kinesis]]. Courtesy of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Yale University.]]In certain extinct reptiles, the variation and stability of the morphology of the quadrate bone has helped paleontologists in the species-level taxonomy and identification of mosasaur squamates <ref>DeBraga, M. and Carroll, R.L., 1993. The origin of mosasaurs as a model of macroevolutionary patterns and processes. In Evolutionary biology (pp. 245-322). Springer US.</ref> and [[Spinosauridae|spinosaurine]] dinosaurs.<ref>Hendrickx, C., Mateus O., & Buffetaut E. (2016). Morphofunctional Analysis of the Quadrate of Spinosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the Presence of Spinosaurus and a Second Spinosaurine Taxon in the Cenomanian of North Africa.. PLoS ONE. 11, e0144695., 01, Number 1: Public Library of Science</ref> |
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In some lizards and dinosaurs, the quadrate is articulated at both ends and movable.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}} In snakes, the quadrate bone has become elongated and very mobile, and contributes greatly to their ability to swallow very large prey items.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Michael S. Y.|last2=Bell|first2=Gorden L.|last3=Caldwell|first3=Michael W.|date=August 1999|title=The origin of snake feeding|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/23236|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=400|issue=6745|pages=655–659|doi=10.1038/23236|bibcode=1999Natur.400..655L |s2cid=4425886 |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription}}</ref> |
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== Function in mammals == |
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In [[mammals]], the [[articular]] and quadrate bones have migrated to the [[middle ear]] and are known as the [[malleus]] and '''[[incus]]'''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Homberger, Dominique G.|title=Vertebrate dissection|date=2004|publisher=Thomson Brooks/Cole|others=Walker, Warren F. (Warren Franklin), Walker, Warren F. (Warren Franklin).|isbn=0-03-022522-1|edition=9th|location=Belmont, CA|oclc=53074665}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Luo|first1=Zhexi|last2=Crompton|first2=Alfred W.|date=1994-09-07|title=Transformation of the quadrate (incus) through the transition from non-mammalian cynodonts to mammals|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=14|issue=3|pages=341–374|doi=10.1080/02724634.1994.10011564|issn=0272-4634}}</ref> Along with the [[stapes]], which is [[Homology (biology)|homologous]] to some reptilian and amphibian [[Columella (auditory system)|columellae]], these are known as the [[ossicles]] and are a defining characteristic of mammals. |
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=== Development === |
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In pig embryos, the mandible ossifies on the side of [[Meckel's cartilage]], while the posterior part of that cartilage is ossified into the incus. In later development, this portion detaches from the rest of the cartilage and migrates into the middle ear.<ref name="Scott">Scott 2000, Paragraph starting with "The original jaw bones changed also. [...] "</ref> |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* {{cite web |
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* {{BiowebUW|zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-9b/Bird_Skeleton_1/Bird_Skeleton_1a/bird_skeleton_1a.htm|Image}} |
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| url = http://campus.murraystate.edu/academic/faculty/terry.derting/anatomyatlas/snapturtskullamy-becky.html |
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| title = Dorsal View Snapping Turtle Skull (Photo) |
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| publisher = Murray State University |
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| access-date = 5 January 2010 |
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}} |
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{{Tetrapod osteology|S.}} |
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{{Veterinary-med-stub}} |
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[[category:Skull]] |
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{{Vertebrate anatomy-stub}} |
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[[ca:Os quadrat]] |
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[[de:Os quadratum]] |
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[[fr:Os carré]] |
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[[uk:Квадратна кістка]] |
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Latest revision as of 12:13, 26 October 2024
The quadrate bone is a skull bone in most tetrapods, including amphibians, sauropsids (reptiles, birds), and early synapsids.
In most tetrapods, the quadrate bone connects to the quadratojugal and squamosal bones in the skull, and forms upper part of the jaw joint. The lower jaw articulates at the articular bone, located at the rear end of the lower jaw. The quadrate bone forms the lower jaw articulation in all classes except mammals.[1]
Evolutionarily, it is derived from the hindmost part of the primitive cartilaginous upper jaw.
Function in reptiles
[edit]
In certain extinct reptiles, the variation and stability of the morphology of the quadrate bone has helped paleontologists in the species-level taxonomy and identification of mosasaur squamates [2] and spinosaurine dinosaurs.[3]
In some lizards and dinosaurs, the quadrate is articulated at both ends and movable.[citation needed] In snakes, the quadrate bone has become elongated and very mobile, and contributes greatly to their ability to swallow very large prey items.[4]
Function in mammals
[edit]In mammals, the articular and quadrate bones have migrated to the middle ear and are known as the malleus and incus.[5][6] Along with the stapes, which is homologous to some reptilian and amphibian columellae, these are known as the ossicles and are a defining characteristic of mammals.
Development
[edit]In pig embryos, the mandible ossifies on the side of Meckel's cartilage, while the posterior part of that cartilage is ossified into the incus. In later development, this portion detaches from the rest of the cartilage and migrates into the middle ear.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood, 1894-1973. (1978). The vertebrate body : shorter version. Parsons, Thomas S. (Thomas Sturges), 1930- (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-7682-0. OCLC 3345587.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ DeBraga, M. and Carroll, R.L., 1993. The origin of mosasaurs as a model of macroevolutionary patterns and processes. In Evolutionary biology (pp. 245-322). Springer US.
- ^ Hendrickx, C., Mateus O., & Buffetaut E. (2016). Morphofunctional Analysis of the Quadrate of Spinosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the Presence of Spinosaurus and a Second Spinosaurine Taxon in the Cenomanian of North Africa.. PLoS ONE. 11, e0144695., 01, Number 1: Public Library of Science
- ^ Lee, Michael S. Y.; Bell, Gorden L.; Caldwell, Michael W. (August 1999). "The origin of snake feeding". Nature. 400 (6745): 655–659. Bibcode:1999Natur.400..655L. doi:10.1038/23236. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4425886.
- ^ Homberger, Dominique G. (2004). Vertebrate dissection. Walker, Warren F. (Warren Franklin), Walker, Warren F. (Warren Franklin). (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-03-022522-1. OCLC 53074665.
- ^ Luo, Zhexi; Crompton, Alfred W. (1994-09-07). "Transformation of the quadrate (incus) through the transition from non-mammalian cynodonts to mammals". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 14 (3): 341–374. doi:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011564. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ^ Scott 2000, Paragraph starting with "The original jaw bones changed also. [...] "
External links
[edit]- "Dorsal View Snapping Turtle Skull (Photo)". Murray State University. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
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